limbic system

functions of limbic system

- olfaction

- emotional responses + behavioral activity

- memories + learning

what is the role of cingulate gyrus and septal area?

memory and ANS

what is the role of parahippocampal gyrus?

memory processing

what is the role of the hippocampal formation?

memory

what is the role of the amygdaloid nucleus/bdu?

emotional response, behavior, smell

hypothalamus includes

- mammillary bodies

- ANS nuclei

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

homeostasis

what is the role of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

memory

what is the role of the mediodorsal nucleus?

emotions and behaviors

septal area includes

septum pellucidum and paratermial gyrus

septal area plays a role in what pathway?

reward

subcallosal area aka

parolfactory area

what is the role of the nucleus accumbens?

reward, motivation, and decision making

anterior part of the cingulate gyrus contains

inhibitory control center

what is the role of the Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)?

- social behavior

- second thoughts or caution before undertaking an actions

what may become abnormal in drug addicts who cannot control their addiction although aware of consequences?

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Subcallosal part of cingulate gyrus (SCC) is associated with?

sadness

deep brain stimulation of what area of the brain is used for relief of severe depression?

Subcallosal part of cingulate gyrus (SCC)

what sends information from the hippocampus to the septal area and mammillary bodies?

fornix

what sends information from the amygdala (around corpus collosum) to the hypothalamus and septal area?

stria terminals

what pathway sends information from the ventral amygdala to the hypothalamus, septal area and mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamas?

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

what sends information from the septal area to the habenulla?

Stria Medullaris thalami

what tract sends information from the mammillary bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

Mammilothalmic tract

what sends information from the prefrontal cortex through the hypothalamus to the reticular formation of the brainstem?

medial forebain bundle

what part of the brain is in charge of consolidation of new declarative memories like knowing facts and remembering events?

hippocampus

what are the three parts of the hippocampus?

- dentate gyrus

- hippocampus proper

- subiculum

dentate gyrus contains what fibers/information

afferent information coming in

hippocampus proper contains what fibers?

efferent leaving

subiculum contains what fibers?

efferent leaving

what area of the brain receives input from the the cortical association areas that deals with multiple sensory perceptions via cingulum?

Entorhinal part of parahippocampal gyrus

what connects the hippocampi in the right and left hemispheres?

hippocampal commissure

what plays a role in fearful emotions?

amygdala

where is the amygdala located?

beneath uncus near dorsomedial tip of temporal lobe

what is the role of the medial amygdala?

olfaction

what is contained in the central amygdala?

Hypothalams and brainstem nuclei

what is the link between experiences of expression of cortical areas?

basolateral amygdala

where are the head of the caudate nucleus and putamen continous?

Accumbens nuclei

septal area consist of

Paraterminal gyrus and subcallosal area

accumens and septal nuclei are associated with

reward mechanisms and pleasure

what is the role of the septal region?

pleasure phenomena and sexual feelings

Euphoria associated with use of psychostimulants is due to/from

- Accumbens nucleus

- Dopaminergic projections from ventral tegmental area

what area of the brain remembers smells?

Parahippocampal Grus

what area of the brain is in charge of emotional responses to smell?

amygdala

papez circuit

what communicates with the prefrontal cortex linking our memories and past experiences with our decision making?

papez circuit

When items of information are important or desire to remember the hippocampus emits signals that reverberate over and over in the Papez circuit until they are

stored in the areas of the cerebral cortex for long-term memory

what area of the brain is damaged if there is profound loss of recent or short-term memory and ability to learn?

hippocampi

people who have damage to their hippocampi

- Cannot remember anything that has occurred longer than a few minutes beforehand (anterograde amnesia)

- Memories of distant past remain intact

subcortical afferent pathway of the amygdala is important in

infancy and childhood

what area of the brain is responsible for response to pleasant or unpleasant odors?

Corticomedial amygdala

Signals sent via medial dorsal thalamic nucleus to orbitofrontal cortex are involved with?

perception of emotions

Signals sent via central nucleus to hypothalamus eliciting expression of emotions via what pathways?

autonomic and motor

Human behavior is based chiefly on nonolfactory experiences projected from ______ ________ to _________ __________

cerebral cortex; basolateral amygdala

information sent to the hypothalamus from the ventromedial nucleus is for

satiety

information sent to the hypothalamus from the lateral hypothalamus nucleus is for

hunger

what areas of the brain play a role in sexual behavior?

information to the hypothalamus - paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin) increase sexual drive, Medial preoptic nucleus (gonatotropin releasing hormone) increases testostorin and can increase sex drive

what happens if there is bilateral lesions to the amydala?

Behavioral alterations, especially a profound loss of fear

mesolimbic pathway

information to the septal area and hypthalamus is sent to the ventral tegmental area/nuclei (lots of dopaminergic neurons) sends information to Nucleus Accumbens

Mesocortical pathway

information to the septal area and hypthalamus is sent to the ventral tegmental area/nuclei (lots of dopaminergic neurons) to the prefrontal cortex

Surgical lesions of amygdalae in patients who struggle with?

socially unacceptable aggressive behavior to cause placid behavior (not easily excited or upset)

loss of neurons in what areas of the brain are associated with alzeimers?

hippocampus and adjacent parahipocampal cortex

loss of connections between hippocampus and adjacent parahipocampal cortex with ______ accounts for the loss of recent memory that is associated with alzheimer's?

neocortex

kluver-bucy syndrome is characterized by

- Placidity in which fear and anger are no longer shown

- Hyperorality is the tendency to exam objects excessively by mouth, even dangerous things

- Hypersexuality with suggestive behavior and inappropriate attempts at sexual contact

- Hyperphagia is eating excessive amounts even when not hungry or when objects are not actually food

- Visual agnosia is the inability to recognize objects by sight

Wernicke - Korsakoff can be caused by

chronic alcoholism and associated nutritional deficiency (vitamin B1, thiamine)

most frequent alterations for •Wernicke - Korsakoff occur in

the medial parts of the medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

Wernike encepalopahy is characterized by

- Confusion

- Inability to coordinate voluntary movemtns

- Visual changes and additional eye problems

if Wernike encepalopahy goes untreated it will develop into

Korsakoff syndrome -- long-term memory disorder