AP Environmental Science Semester 1 Final

underlying subsoil, rooted plants from growing. very little percipitation

tundra

biome has highest net productivity, because of consistently warm temperatures

tropical rainforest

zone in which species are adapted to lowest light and highest pressure

E (2)

zone with greatest biodiversity

A (2)

zone in which the greatest total mass of CO2 is absorbed in the atmosphere

B (2)

highest wolf population size

170

best describes the change in elk population since introduction of wolves into yellowstone

the elk population steadily decreased in numbers

potential disadvantage of reintroducing wolves to yellowstone

wolves leaving park may prey on livestock in grazing land outside the park

major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean

photosyenthesis by phytoplankton

area has the lowest amount of naturally available freshwater

D

largest hydroelectric dam in the world located on one of world’s longest rivers

E (2)

desalination is used to supply much of this region with freshwater

D (2)

field is abandoned and an invasive plant can live in nutrient poor soil moves into the field.

bacteria in soil and root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds

guano from fish-eating birds is a commerical

phosphorus

marine sediments that from limestone are a major sink

carbon

element in pyritte contributes to acid mine drainage

sulfur

nitrate ions and nitrite ions converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas

denitrification

ammonia is coverted to nitrite, then to nitrate

nitrification

plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use making molecules such as DNA

assimilation

annual fluctuation in carbon dioxide concentration can be explained by

seasonal photosynthetic activity of green plants

which diagrams correctly illustrate nitrogen cycle

A

elements that cycle in environment and have gaseous phase at some point in their cycle

I and III (carbon & sulfur)

laws of thermodynamics which of following is applied mathematical routine used to estimate the biomass

18,705 × 0.10 × 0.10

which group of organisms would be considered herbivores

grasshoppers

following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems

they recycle nutrients

net annual primary productivity of particular wetland ecosystem found 8,000 kcal and aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal

20,000

terresterial biomes shown in the diagram abov vary in net primary productivity

I and II (temperature and precipitation)

following best describes the process of leaching

water precolating through soil, dissolving some of its material

occupies the lowest trophic level

deer

greatest amount of freshwater found in which of following

polar ice caps and glaciers

following best describes the frog species range of tolerance to acidic conditions

the frogs tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6.

living organisms must acquire energy from environment. examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy

I and II (the dark, heat absorbing coloration of a reptile. the fangs and claws of a lion)

best describes the most likely direct effect of a decline of the small fish population on the marine food web

the jellyfish population will increase of decreased predation

following best describes a supporting ecological service provided by wetlands

wetlands serve as a major resevoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle

small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands are prone to extinction because

they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

crude growh rate, r, of a population is calculated by

subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

organisms adapted to surviving in water with the widest range of salinity would most likely be native species

an estuary within a lagcon

following conclusions best supported by the data in the graph

piaaster is a keystone species,….

community with the highest biodiversity

D (2)

following best describes the spotted butterfly in the united states

k-selected and invasive species

represents the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem

E (2)

represents the growth of a population predicted by the logistic model

C

best illustrated in the decline of the chatham island robins

population bottleneck

countries are undergoing rapid populations growth include

I only (country 1)

following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society

total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition

most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society

reduced birth rates

percent of the population in country II is under the age of 15

25%

following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase 1

infant and childhood mortality

rate of population growth starts t slow down at which point

the beginning of phase III

zero population growth is associated with

phases I and IV

corn is a crop that grows best in soil that drains well

clay because it has at least 45% clay so it absorbs water very well

following sites is an earthquake most likely to occur as two plates side sideways past wach other

C (2)

following best describes a density independent factors that controls population size

occurrences of droughts and flooding

which has the greatest permeability

sand

area that exhibits island arcs

E

area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary

B

layer of the earth’s atmosphere contains the ozone layer that absorbs the sun’s ultraviolet rays

stratosphere

correct order of soil particles in the order of increasing size

clay-silt-sand

student group involved in a restoration study of nearly disturbed area. collect six soil samples and analyze them for carbon and nitrogen. which following is most likely explanation of the data

two of the samples were collected from an A horizon, and the others were collected from a B horizon

layer of earth atmosphere contains fewest molecules of the layers shown, and low density of gas leads to very dew molecules transferring heat to an object

thermosphere

deserts on earth are located near 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitudes because humidity is lower at 30 degrees

warm air rises at the equator, and sinks at 30 degrees latitude

region with the lowest atmospheric pressure

exosphere

region where the protection ozone layer is located

stratosphere

contains the majority of molecules in the atmosphere

troposphere

primary cause of earths seasons

constant tilt of the earths rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun

following should be included in a watershed map to best determine the non-point source of a pollutant

the land use upstream of the river and water quality indicators in the streams that run downstream into the river

region largely responsible for the weather experienced at the earths surface

troposphere

following does not exert a major influence on earths overall climate

seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

high sea surface temperature in 1988 was most likely due to

El Nino

el nino southern oscillation event, which of the following best describes conditions in the eastern part of the tropical pacific ocean

sea surface temperature high, rainfall high

agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion

tilling

following statements best explains why average temperature of london is warmer than that of calgary in december

oceanic currents warm the atmosphere in london

green revolution has improved the global agricultural output. following best describes the author’s perspective on the beginning of green revolution in the 1970s and 1980s

green revolution was successful because of selective breeding, which improved nutritional value and crop yield to increase food production

which of the following statements best summarizes the author’s predications for how humans will meet the future nutritional needs of a growing population

humans have maximized the crop yield with improving technology and the implementation of modern genetic techniques to further increase crop productivity and resilience in order to meet the demand

which of the following is an assumption made by the author regarding the use of genetically modified crops

the amount of erable land will remain relatively constant, and the growing human population will have enough food if more crops can be harvested from the same amount of land

basis of the data the best production of the pH in water in which daphnia normally found in the wild is

7

most likely led to differences in the amount of sediment in the two branches of the river

deforestation from clear-cutting

country with the greatest percentage of land area affected by desertification

australia

based on the theory of island biogeography which of the following best explains how the scientists calculation of the number of species would change

the average would decrease because fewer species would have migrated directly to the farther island

The diagrams above show the range of tolerance for soil moisture content for two different species of terrestrial invertebrate: Species 1 and Species 2. The ranges represented are for each species where it occurs alone. Soil moisture content is a limiting factor for both species. If populations of both species are placed together in a new location, which of the following diagrams represents the most likely actual (realized) ranges of the species' distribution of individuals with respect to soil moisture content after five generations?

D

represents the biotic potential of a species

A (3)

how does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?

Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere