Geological Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction Overview

Geological Hazard

Natural phenomena causing significant environmental issues.

Landslide

Ground movement on sloping terrain due to gravity.

Soil Creep Landslide

Slow downslope movement of loose, weathered particles.

Slumping Landslide

Downward movement of rock debris from slope removal.

Debris Flow Landslide

Water-saturated mass of rock and soil sliding down.

Rock Fall Landslide

Sudden slide of loosened rock caused by rain.

Sinkhole

Topographic depression from groundwater dissolving limestone.

Cover Collapse Sinkhole

Sudden sinkhole formation causing catastrophic damage.

Cover Subsidence Sinkhole

Gradual sinkhole growth in permeable sediment areas.

Dissolution Sinkhole

Occurs where calcareous rock is exposed to water.

Artificial Sinkhole

Sinkhole caused by human activities like groundwater pumping.

Warning Signs of Landslide

Indicators predicting potential landslide occurrences.

Earlier Landslide Indicator

Frequent landslides suggest weak, unstable soil geology.

Tension Cracks

Cracks formed by stress in moving geological materials.

J-Curve Trees

Trees bending indicating ground instability beneath them.

Water Flow Changes

Unexpected water patterns signaling potential landslide risks.

Retrogressive Landslide

Multiple landslide events indicating ongoing geological instability.

Reactivated Landslide

Old landslide becoming unstable again due to changes.

Ground Deformation

Non-human caused movement indicating potential landslide.

Creaking and Cracking

Sounds indicating geological instability and potential landslide.

Wet Ground Appearance

Unexpected moisture on dry terrain signaling instability.

Slope Saturation

Waterlogged conditions triggering landslides in vulnerable areas.

Debris Flow

Wet, mobile landslide with mixed materials.

Sinkhole Warning Signs

Indicators of potential ground collapse.

Geological Map

Map showing surface geological features and strata.

Geological Map Features

Elements like faults, tilts, and folds represented.

Geological Map Parts

Includes legend, interpretation, title, and sources.

Geological Symbols

Visual representations like lines and colors used.

Hydrometeorological Hazards

Extreme weather events causing significant damage.

Thermometer

Measures temperature of substances.

Thermograph

Records temperature continuously on graph paper.

Mercurial Barometer

Measures atmospheric pressure using mercury column.

Aneroid Barometer

Pressure-sensitive sealed box that expands/contracts.

Barograph

Records barometric pressure over time graphically.

Sling Psychrometer

Measures humidity with dry and wet bulbs.

Hygrometer

Uses organic material to measure humidity.

8-inch Rain Gauge

Collects and measures rainfall with 8-inch diameter.

Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge

Measures precipitation by tipping small buckets.

Ceiling Light Projector

Projects light beam to determine cloud height.

Ceiling Balloon

Meteorological balloon for measuring cloud base height.

Pilot Balloon

Weather balloon used for atmospheric measurements.

Radiosonde

Measures temperature, humidity, and sound in upper air.

Rawindsonde

Electronic tool for measuring wind speed and humidity.

Cracked Tiles

Structural damage indicating potential ground instability.

Dead Patches of Grass

Signs of underlying soil issues or drainage problems.

Wind Finding Radar

Determines wind speed and direction using radar echoes.

Weather Surveillance Radar

Tracks typhoons and cloud masses up to 400 km.

Fire Triangle

Elements needed for fire: fuel, heat, oxygen.

Fuel

Material that can be burned in combustion.

Heat

Energy that enables fuel to combust.

Flash Point

Lowest temperature for ignitable air-liquid mixture.

Oxygen

Element making up approximately 21% of air.

Natural Causes of Fire

Fires initiated by natural phenomena like lightning.

Lightning

Most common natural fire cause.

Volcanic Activity

Hot materials causing wildfires upon contact.

Spontaneous Combustion

Unexpected fire from hydrocarbon substances.

Housefire

Fire incidents caused by human or machine error.

Human-made Fire

Fires resulting from human activities or negligence.

Fire Safety Signs

Color-coded signs for fire hazard identification.

Water and Foam Extinguisher

Used for extinguishing class A fires.

Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher

Effective against class B and C fires.

Dry Chemical Extinguisher

Extinguishes class A, B, and C fires.

Wet Chemical Extinguisher

Used for class A and K fires.

Clean Agent Extinguisher

Halogenated extinguishers for class A, B, C fires.

Dry Powder Extinguisher

Specifically for class D fires.

Water Mist Extinguisher

Used for class A and C fires.

R.A.C.E. Procedure

Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish fire response steps.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Strategies to reduce and prevent disaster risks.

Disaster Impacts

Negative effects on life, property, and well-being.

Disaster Preparedness

Strengthening community capacities for emergency response.

Build Back Better Principle

Restoring communities while reducing future disaster risks.