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Ore
a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine
Oxidation
loss of electrons
Reduction
gain of electrons
Reactivity series
a list of metals which shows them in order of their reactivity, with the most reactive at the top
alkali metal and water
alkali metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen
How can we test for orders of reactivity? [2]
- water (more reactive elements)
- dilute acid (less reactive elements)
Reactivity series:
potassium
sodium
lithium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
CARBON
zinc
iron
tin
lead
HYDROGEN
copper
silver
gold
Reactivity series mnemonic
Please Stop Lustfully Calling Me A 'Cute Zoe'; Instead Try Letting Him Come - Susan's Guy
Displacement reaction
a reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from an aqueous solution of the latter's ions.
A more reactive metal will...
displace a less reactive metal from an aqueous solution of one of its salts
Ionic equation
an equation in which ions are explicitly shown
Spectator ion
ion that does not participate in a reaction (not oxidised or reduced)
OILRIG
oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
Half equation
an equation for a redox reaction which considers just one of the species involved and shows explicitly the electrons transferred to or from it.
Redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
Displacement reactions are also known as...
redox reactions
Oxidising agent
substance that gains electrons
Reducing agent
substance that loses electrons
Where are metals from?
the Earth's crust
Whether it is worth extracting a particular metal depends on [3]:
- how easy it is to extract from its ore
- how much metal the ore contains
- the changing demands for a particular metal
How is copper extracted from copper ores? [5]
- ore is ground up into powder
- mixed with water and chemical that makes copper compound repel water
- air is bubbled through mixture
- copper compound floats to top as froth while rocky bits sink
- concentrated compound is scraped off to be extracted from
How are unreactive metals often found?
in their native state rather than as compounds
metal oxide and carbon
metal oxide + carbon → metal + carbon dioxide
What metals can be reduced using carbon?
metals less reactive than carbon
What metals can be reduced using hydrogen?
metals less reactive than hydrogen
How are metals more reactive than carbon extracted?
electrolysis of the molten metal compound
