Unit 4 vocab

Thomas Jefferson

new president, recognized the need for a smooth and peaceful transition of power from the Federalists to the Republicans

Louisiana Purchase

by 1803, Napoleon had lost interest in restoring the French empire in the Americans for two reasons: he needed to concentrate French resources on fighting England and a rebellion led by Toussaint I'Ouverture against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo had resulted in heavy French loses. Napoleon sold his land to the United States, expanding the western frontier beyond Ohio and Kentucky into the Indian Territory. The purchase removed foreign presence from the nation's borders, and guaranteed the extension of the western frontier to lands beyond the Mississippi.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Leader of France who sold the Louisiana Purchase to the Americas

Toussaint I'Ouverture

led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo had resulted in heavy French losses

strict interpretation, of Constitution

Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied.

Lewis and Clark expedition

the benefits of the expedition were many: increased geographic and scientific knowledge of previously unexplored country, strengthens U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory, improved relations with Native American tribes, and developed maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers.

John Marshall

the Federalist judge who caused Jefferson the most grief was one of his own cousins from Virginia, John Marshall. Marshall of John Adams' presidency. He would serve in this position for 34 years, in which time he exerted as strong an influence on the Supreme Court as Washington had exerted on the presidency. Marshall's decisions in many landmark cases had the effect of strengthening the central government, often at the expense of states' rights.

judicial review

established by the Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Marbury v. Madison

Chief Justice Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act passed by Congress in 1789. However, Marshall said, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was itself unconstitutional.

Aaron Burr

A Republican caucus in 1804 decided not to nominate Aaron Burr for a second term vice president. Burr then embarked on a series of ventures, one of which threatened to break up the Union and another of which resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton.

"Quids"

a political party who accused Aaron Burr of abandoning Republican principles; and foreign troubles from the Napoleonic wars in Europe.

Barbary Pirates

the first major challenge to Jefferson's foreign policy came, not from a major European power, but from the piracy practiced by the Barbary states on the North African coast. Jefferson decided to send a small fleet of U.S. naval vessels to the Mediterranean. The American navy did not achieve a decisive victory but gained some respect and also offered a measure of protection to U.S. vessels trading in Mediterranean waters.

neutrality

France and Britain regularly seized ships of neutral and confiscated their cargo.

impressment

forcing sailors to join another country's naval force

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

aroused American anger and almost led to war. in 1807, only a few miles off the coasts of Virginia, the British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake. Three Americans were killed and four others were taken captive and impressed into the British navy. Anti-British feelings ran high, and many Americans demanded war. Jefferson, however, resorted to diplomacy and economic pressure as his response to the crisis.

Embargo Act (1807)

As an alternative to war, Jefferson persuaded the Republican majority in Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807. The measure prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Jefferson hoped the British would stop violating the rights of neutral nations rather than lose U.S. trade. The plan backfired and brought much greater economic hardship to the U.S. than to Britain.

James Madison

was Jefferson's Secretary of State. He was widely viewed as a brilliant thinker and statesman. He, however, was a weak public speaker, possessed a stubborn temperament, and lacked Jefferson's political skills. With Jefferson's backing, he was nominated for president and won.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

After the repeal of Jefferson's disastrous embargo act, Madison hoped to end economic hardship while maintaining his country's rights as a neutral nation. The Nonintercourse Act of 1809 provided that Americans could not trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Economic hardships continued into 1810. Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with Britain and France. This Bill provided, however, that if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with that nation's foe.

Tecumseh; Prophet

a warrior, and religious leader who attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River

William Henry Harrison

governor of Indiana Territory

Battle of Tippecanoe

in 1811, Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's effects to form an Indian confederacy

war hawks

political leaders known as this because of their eagerness for war (with Britain in this particular situation)

Henry Clay

war-hawk Congressman argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier (same as John C. Calhoun)

John C. Calhoun

war-hawk Congressman argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier (same as Henry Clay

War of 1812

Causes of the war included: British impressment of sailors, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons given by the War Hawks (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada).

Why war against Britain rather than against France?

Britain practiced impressment and was believed to be supplying weapons to the Indians on the frontier and encouraging them to attack the U.S. Also, Britain held land near the U.S. which the Americans hoped to acquire, and a war with Britain would allow the U.S. to seize Florida from Britain's ally Spain. Although France had also seized American ships, France had agreed to lift its neutral trading restrictions, and the U.S. had resumed trade with France.

The Federalist party was mainly composed of New England merchants, who wanted good relations with Britain and free trade. New England merchants met at the Hartford Convention in protest of the war and the U.S. government's restrictions on trade.

"Old Ironsides"

One of many American ships that had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews with a single gun. They were used in the war of 1812 and were very useful in helping the Americans dominate the see; something they could not accomplish on land. The "Old Ironsides" ships, the war of 1812 would have been disastrous for America because of inability to win battles on land. Although they lost the war, their dominance over Britain on the water was a terrific confidence booster for the newly formed navy.

The Federalist Papers

were a key element in the Federalist campaign for the Constitution was a series of highly persuasive essays written for a New York newspaper by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. These papers presented reasons for believing in the practicality of each major provision of the Constitution.

Bill of Rights; Amendments

the reason that many states voted to ratify the constitution because they believed that the only way to stop a strong central government under the Constitution and keep the officials in line was to add a bill of rights to protect against this possibility.

legislative branch

legislative branch was congress, which was made up of the house and senate

Congress

The House of Representatives and The Senate

executive department

had a chief justice, in this time period was Washington, the president appointed the chiefs of all of the departments, provided that they were approved by the Senate, these people were called the President's cabinet who he met with regularly.

Henry Knox

secretary of war

Edmund Randolph

attorney general

Judiciary Act (1789)

One of Congresses first laws, which established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. The highest court was empowered to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by state courts. The act provided for a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal.

federal courts

Supreme Court, only federal court at the time

Supreme Court

federal court, was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789

national debt

Hamilton had an urgent insistence that the US government pay of the national debt at face value and also assume the payment of the war debts of the states

infant industries

new and developing industries that Hamilton wanted the country to protect and collect revenue at the same time by imposing high tariffs on important goods.

national bank

Hamilton also wanted to establish a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable US currency. Support mainly came from the northern states, which would gain directly from high tariffs and a stabilized currency

tariffs; excise taxes

were lower than what Hamilton wanted to impose in order to collect money for the national debt but were still high on imported good

French Revolution

American's supported the French's aspiration to establish a republic, but were terrified of the news that was coming to the united states of mass executions. Thomas Jefferson wished to join France in its defensive war against Britain.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

George Washington issued this proclamation in 1793 after disagreeing with Thomas Jefferson in the way that he believed that the United States was not yet strong enough to fight in an international war. The proclamation stated that the United States would remain neutral in the conflict; Thomas Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet after this

"Citizen" Edmond Genet

the French minister to the United States who broke all the normal rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the American people to support the French cause, he has kicked of his diplomatic place and moved to the US where he became a US citizen

Jay Treaty (1794)

Jay brought back a treaty from negotiations with the British, in which the British agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier but did nothing about the British seizing of America ships.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

a treaty negotiated by Thomas Pinckney in which Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to America.

right of deposit

was granted to Americans so that they could transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government. Spain also agreed to accept US claims that Florida's northern boundary should be the 21st parallel

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Battle in 189 where General Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee, Wyandot, and other Native American people in northwestern Ohio, after this battle about a year later the chiefs of the defeated people agreed to the Greenville Treaty in which they surrendered their claims to the Ohio Territory and promised to open it up to new settlement

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Battle in 189 where General Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee, Wyandot, and other Native American people in northwestern Ohio, after this battle about a year later the chiefs of the defeated people agreed to the Greenville Treaty in which they surrendered their claims to the Ohio Territory and promised to open it up to new settlement

Public Land Act (1796)

congress encouraged rapid settlement of the lands gained by the Jay Treaty and Battle of Fallen Timbers by passing this land act, which established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices

Federalist era

the 1790's was called this because it was a time dominated by two Federalist presidents; political parties began to form around two leading figures, Hamilton and Jefferson

Democratic-Republican party

the opposition's party during the Federalist Era was the Democratic Republican Party supported Jefferson and tried to elect candidates in different states who opposed Hamilton's program.

political parties

creating of the political parties was mainly spurred by the French Revolution, and whether the people wanted to support the French or not

Washington's farewell address

was the farewell letter that George Washington wrote with the help of Alexander Hamilton in 1796; was published in newspapers. The message warned Americans to not get involved in European affairs, don't make permanent alliances, not form political parties, avoid sectionalism

"permanent alliances"

making a permanent pack with another country that you will support them and they will support your economically and in war, Washington warned against creating these permanent alliance

two-term tradition

two term tradition was created by or originated from George Washington, basically every president would work for two years and then voluntarily resign, even though there were no laws that said that they had to resign at a specific time. This tradition was carried out until the 1940 election of Franklin Roosevelt

John Adams

vice president under George Washington and was the Federalists Candidate after George Washington resigned. Adam won that years election and became the second president of the United States, only winning by three electoral votes.

XYZ Affair

Americans were angered by reports that French warships and privateers were seizing US merchant ships, so John Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate a compromise with the French government. Certain French ministers, X,Y,Z , requested bribes for entering into the negotiations, and the Americans refused. This outraged the American citizens.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Acts Passed as a result of the XYZ affair, this included the 1. Naturalization Act, which increased from five to 14 the number of years, required for immigrants to qualify for US citizenship because most immigrants voted Democratic- Republican. 2. The Alien Acts- authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in the time of war 3. The Sedition Act- made it illegal for newspaper to criticize either the president or Congress and imposed heavy penalties for editors who violated the law.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

The Kentucky legislature adopted a resolution that had been written by Thomas Jefferson and Virginia adopted a resolution that was introduced by James Madison. Both resolutions declared that the states had entered into a compact in forming the national government and therefore if any act of the federal government broke the compact a state could nullify the federal law, only Kentucky and Virginia adopted these resolutions

Revolution of 1800

the change from federalist to democratic control is also known at this

Mt. Vernon Conference

George Washington hosted a conference at his home Mt. Vernon Virginia in 1785. Representatives from Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania agreed that problems were serious enough to hold further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, at which all states would be represented. They were meeting in the first place to decide what was going to be done to overcome the country's critical problems

Annapolis Convention

Only 5 states sent delegates to the Annapolis Convention in 1786. After some discussion James Madison and Alexander Hamilton persuaded the others than another convention should be held in Philadelphia for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention

Congress consented to give approval to the meeting that called upon all 13 states to send delegates to Philadelphia for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. Only Rhode Island did not attend.

Framers of the Constitution

The framers of the constitution were 55 white male delegates who went to Philadelphia for the convention in the summer of 1787, most were college educated and relatively young.

James Madison

Father of the Constitution, fashioned specific articles of the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

fashioned specific articles of the Constitution, had the common goal of wanting to strengthen the young nation

Governor Morris

fashioned specific articles of the Constitution, had the common goal of wanting to strengthen the young nation

John Dickinson

fashioned specific articles of the Constitution, had the common goal of wanting to strengthen the young nation

Checks and Balances

one branch of government having sufficient power to check the others.

Virginia Plan

Madison's proposal, favored the large states

New Jersey Plan

plan that favored the small states

Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise

combination of both the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan that created a two house Congress, Each state would be given equal Representation in the senate; but in the larger body, the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to the size of the population.

House of Representatives

The larger representing group in the two-house government

Senate

The smaller representing group in the two-house government that had equal representation for each state

Three-Fifths Compromise

which counted each slave as three fifths of a person for the purposes of determining a state's level of taxation and representation Slave Trade there was a guarantee that slaves could be imported for at least 20 years longer at which time Congress could vote to abolish the practice

Commercial Compromise

allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports, but it prohibited placing taxes on any exports Electoral College System was instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule.

Federalists

those who supported the Constitution and a strong federal government were known as Federalists. Could be found along the Atlantic Coast and in large cities

Anti-Federalists

opponents were known as Anti-Federalists. Obviously did not support the constitution and favored a weak federal government. Tended to be small farmers and settlers on the western frontier

Cabinet

The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General, and the secretary of the war who George Washington at the time met with regularly

Midnight Appointments

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

Orders in council

Issued in 1806 by London government closed the European ports under French control. Traders had to stop in Britain first. This caused Napoleon to fight back, greatly slowing the trade between countries including America. It was later revoked

Continental System

The foreign policy against united kingdom Britain ands Ireland made by Napoleon. The continental system prevented anyone from trading with Britain without first stopping in France. Along with Britain's adoption of a similar policy this sparked the Embargo to be passed by Jefferson in an attempt to not get involved with foreign conflict.

Francis Scott Key

He was the writer of the "Star Spangle Banner" which he composed while detained on a British war ship watching the Americans hold firm against the British bombardment of Baltimore. The Star Spangle Banner has become a deep part of American society and our identity. This song brought hope and a revival of unity for the young country at war.

Battle of New Orleans

This was a battle led by Andrew Jackson which was one by the Americans, and restored much faith, although the war had ended two weeks before. Although the war had unknowingly been over for two weeks this decisive victory was an enormous confidence boost that changed the was the citizens viewed the outcome to a positive.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the war of 1812 which was signed on Christmas Eve in 1814 and gave no favoritism to either side. It was simply an agreement to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. Although there was no real winner the Americans were happy with the outcome chanting "Not one inch of territory ceded or lost" this later led to a renewal of trade with Britain.

Hartford Convention

A meeting with delegates from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont to discuss grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. This was do to the fact that all of New England felt as though they were separating from the U.S. as the Federalist Party continued to decline. This convention showed how angry New England was about their current status in the U.S. However, many people overreacted to this convention fearing that New England wanted to secede from the nation which was not the case. Some of the topics of discussion were the abolishment of the three fifths clauses and a law stating a president can not run in consecutive terms.

Sectionalism

The process of the country becoming divided between regional beliefs focusing on the falling New England Federalists and the rest of the country. The uprising of sectionalism lead directly to the Civil War and conflict between the North and the South.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

A treating after the war of 1812 between Britain and America concerning ownership of the Great Lakes which were given to America much to the dismay of Canada. The surrender of the Great Lakes to America was just one of the products of the war that greatly angered Canada, and gave America sure dominance over their northern neighbor.

Nationalism

The spirit of national-consciousness or national oneness. An essential ingredient to every empire. The national spirit manifested itself into distinct American literature, a revived national bank, a handsome national capital, and an expansion of the army to 10000 men.

The American System

The three-part plan developed by Henry Clay that stressed a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals. Clay's plan was essential in developing a profitable home market. This home market enabled America to become a self-sufficient, isolated country,