BIO 111 Unit 2, BSU, Dr. True

Lipids

Fats

Fat

a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a flycerol that typically exist at room temperature

Saturated Fat

Lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fat

Lipid made from fatty acids that only consist of double bonds that are liquid at room temperature

Phospholipid

Fats that contain phosphorus and are a key component to all cell membrane

What are phospholipids made out of?

Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and one phosphate group attached to glycerol

Phospholipids form what in water?

Bilayer

What are steroids made out of?

Carbon skeletons with 4 fused rings

Nucleotide formula

Nitrogenous Base + Pentose Sugar + Phosphate

What are the five nitrogenous bases?

Adenine Guanine

DNA Base

Adenine

RNA Base

Adenine

Pentose Sugar in DNA

Deoxyribose

Pentose Sugar in RNA

Ribose

What phosphates can make a nucleotide

Monophosphate

Nucleotide Formula

Phosphate + Sugar + Base

Nucleoside Formula

Sugar + Nitrogenous base

Phosphodiester Bond

Nucleotide + Nucleotide

Two single strands of DNA form what?

Double Helix

Double Helix Structure

Sugar-Phosphate backbone

Thymine + Adenine

Two hydrogen bonds

Cytosin + Guanine

Three hydrogen bonds

What type of strands does RNA have?

Single strands

mRNA

Messenger RNA; carries genetic information

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA; makes up part of the ribosome

tRNA

Transfer RNA; carries amino acids to the ribosome

ncRNA

non-coding RNA; doesn't code for proteins

DNA -> RNA -> Protein Process

Transcription of DNA to RNA

SEM

Scanning electron microscopy; electron beam scans the surface

TEM

transmission electron microscopy; electron beam passed through a thin section of a fixed specimen

Magnification

Ratio of image to real size

Resolution

Clarity of image and the minimum distance of separation

Contrast

Brightness used

Unified Cell Theory

1. 1+ cells make up all living things
2. Cells are the basic unit of life

3. New cells arise from existing cells

Cell Similarities

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Endosymbiont

A cell living in another cell

Chloroplast is the site of what?

Photosynthesis

Oxidation steps

1. Enzymes remove H and transfer to O2
2. Produce H2O2
3. Covert to H2O

Vacuoles

Large organelles from golgi or ER

Three types of Vacuoles

Contractile, Food, Gas

Vesicles

Single-membrane structures for storage and transport.

Lysosome

Digestive organelle containing enzymes for hydrolysis.

Phagocytosis

Cell-eating process in unicellular eukaryotes.

Autophagy

Self-eating mechanism for recycling damaged organelles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

>50% of cell membranes

Rough ER

ER with ribosomes

Smooth ER

ER without ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies

Cisternae

Sacs within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.

Microtubules

Hollow rods providing shape and support to cells.

Microfilaments

Solid rods made of actin

Intermediate Filaments

Tension-bearing structures

Myosin

Protein involved in muscle contraction and movement.

Centrosome

Microtubule organizing center near the nucleus.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Network providing structural support to animal cells.

Cell Wall

Rigid structure providing protection in plant cells.

Cellulose

Polysaccharide forming the plant cell wall.

Collagen

Main protein in ECM

Proteoglycans

Proteins with carbohydrates

Secretion

Process of releasing substances near the cell membrane.

Transport Vesicles

Carry proteins from ER to Golgi apparatus.

Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbohydrate chains