Pathology Labs (1-8)

Flashcards Practice! Goodluck ★ =)

FIBRINOUS PERITONITIS, LIVER

- The liver is covered by pale peritoneal membrane infiltrated by fibrin threads and acute inflammatory cells such as polymorphs, macrophages & pus cells.
- The blood vessels are dilated and congested..

ACUTE SUPPURATIVE APPENDICITIS

- The mucosa shows focal ulceration and the lumen contains necrotic debris.
- The mucosa, submucosa and muscle layer show congested dilated blood vessels, edema, fibrin and acute inflammatory cells such as polymorphs, pus cells and macrophages.

ACUTE BRAIN ABSCESS OF FRONTAL LOBE

- The left frontal lobe showed an irregular abscess cavity (2x1cm) with perforated floor 2.
- The lining is yellowish and necrotic.
- The surrounding brain tissue showed hemorrhagic spots

ACUTE MULTIPLE LUNG ABSCESSES WITH GANGRENE PLEURAL FIBROSIS & ADHESIONS

- Section in right lung.
- The apex showed six small irregular abscess cavities with thin yellowish necrotic walls.
- The middle part showed a subpleural yellowish abscess (3x3 cm). - The lower part showed a bilocular black gangrenous cavity (6x4 cm.)
- The pleura showed adhesions and fibrosis.

ACUTE SUPPURATIVE APPENDICITIS WITH PERFORATION + SEPTIC PERITONITIS

- Bisected swollen appendix.
- The mucosa was necrotic and brownish.
- The serosa showed yellow fibrin threads with adherent omentum.
- The tip of the appendix showed tiny perforation.

FIBRINOUS PERICARDITIS

- A closed heart.
- The visceral pericardium is covered by thin yellowish fibrin threads.
- The surface of the heart is pale brown and opaque.

CASEATING TUBERCULOSIS, LYMPH NODE

- Section in lymph node.
- There is large area of pale pink homogenous structureless caseation.
- Few tubercles are seen, each tubercle is formed of Langhan’s giant cells, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes.

MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS, LUNG

- section in the lung.
- The lung shows multiple small reddish tubercles and minimal pinkish homogenous caseation.
- Each tubercle is formed of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes and Langhan’s giant cells

PRIMARY PULUMONARY TB+MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS OF LUNG + PLEURAL FIBROSIS AND ADHESIONS

- The lung showed a Ghon’s focus ( lower red arrow ) with lymphadenitis (upper red arrow)
- The lung showed multiple scattered small yellow caseous foci.
- The pleura showed fibrosis and adhesions.

MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS OF LUNG + PLEURAL FIBROSIS AND ADHESIONS

- The lung showed multiple scattered small yellow caseous foci.
- The pleura showed fibrosis and adhesions.

MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS OF LUNG + PLEURAL FIBROSIS AND ADHESIONS

- The lung showed multiple scattered small yellow caseous foci.
- The pleura showed fibrosis and adhesions

TUBERCULOSIS OF MESENTERIC AND PARA–AORTIC LYMPH NODES

- Parts of mesentery, pancreas and para-aortic nodes.
- The mesenteric and para-aortic lymph nodes were enlarged and matted.
- The nodes are yellow and caseous.

TUBERCULOSIS OF MESENTERIC AND PARA–AORTIC LYMPH NODES

- Parts of mesentery, pancreas and para-aortic nodes.
- The mesenteric and para-aortic lymph nodes were enlarged and matted.
- The nodes are yellow and caseous.

POTT’S DISEASE (TUBERCULOSIS OF VERTEBRAE)

- Parts of lumbar vertebrae.
- Two vertebral bodies and their discs were destroyed by yellow caseous material which collected under the anterior vertebral ligament (cold abscess)
- There was a pathological fracture between the 2 vertebrae.

MYOCARDIAL SCARRING (FIBROSIS)

- Section in the myocardium.
- There is a pale pink homogenous scar tissue seen between the cardiac muscles which appear slightly atrophic.
- The scar shows few fibroblasts and some blood vessels

MYOCARDIAL SCARRING (FIBROSIS)

- Section in the myocardium.
- There is a pale pink homogenous scar tissue formed of fibrillary collagen bundles seen between the cardiac muscles which appear slightly atrophic.
- The scar shows few fibroblasts and some blood vessels

MYOCARDIAL SCARRING (FIBROSIS)
Special stain

- Section in the myocardium
- There is a green blue stain of scar tissue formed of fibrillary collagen bundles composed of mature fibrous connective tissue and some remaining viable myocytes (red)
- A small focus of adipose tissue can be seen in the scar (upper left )
- Fibrous scar is visualized by Masson trichrome stain.

HEALED INFARCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY

- Bisected kidney showing multiple grayish triangular areas (infarctions) with the base at the periphery and surrounded by congestion.
- The infarctions were depressed and fibrotic.

LIVER CIRRHOSIS

- Slice of shrunken liver.
- The outer and cut surfaces showed multiple small grayish yellow regenerating nodules of average size 0.5 x 0.5cm.

LIVER CIRRHOSIS

- Slice of shrunken liver.
- The outer and cut surfaces showed multiple large grayish brown regenerating nodules of average size 1.5 x 1.5cm.
- macronodular

LIVER CIRRHOSIS

- Section of liver.
- Presence of nodules and fibrous septa with effacement of the lobular architecture

HEALED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION + MURAL THROMBOSIS + PERICARDIAL ADHESIONS

- An opened heart showing a thin area of grayish white fibrous tissue on the anterior wall of left ventricle and apex.
- The endocardium over the infarction showed brownish mural thrombosis.
- The pericardium over the infarction showed adhesions and fibrosis.

FATTY CHANGE IN LIVER, STEATOSIS

- Section in the liver.
- The intracytoplasmic accumulation of triglyceride (neutral fats) in the hepatocytes present small fat vacuoles in the vicinity of the endoplasmic reticulum (liposomes) - microvesicular fatty change

HYDROPIC DEGENERATION IN LIVER

- Section in the liver
- The cells are enlarged with a clear cytoplasm (due to the presence of small clear or pale vacuoles, with indistinct shape and limits) and a normal nucleus in central position
- blood capillaries are compressed, explaining the organ's pallor grossly

AMYLOIDOSIS,KIDNEY

- Section in the kidney.
- Amyloid accumulates as extra-cellular deposits, nodular or diffuse, as pink, amorphous material in the glomeruli within the mesangial matrix and along the basement membranes of the capillary loops.
- Continuous accumulation of the amyloid will compress and obliterate the capillary tufts. Congo red is a special staining, elective for amyloid.

AMYLOIDOSIS,KIDNEY

- Section in the kidney.
- Amyloid accumulates as extra-cellular deposits, nodular or diffuse, as pink, amorphous material in the glomeruli within the mesangial matrix and along the basement membranes of the capillary loops.
- Continuous accumulation of the amyloid will compress and obliterate the capillary tufts. Congo red is a special staining, elective for amyloid.
- Apple green birefringence by fluorescent microscope

AMYLOIDOSIS, LIVER

- Section in the liver.
- It has a variable appearance, some areas tan in color and others paler. The pale regions are deposits of amyloid. In some areas there is minimal deposition, in others the liver appears to be completely replaced by amyloid.
- The liver appears enlarged, firm and waxy with sharp borders.

AMYLOIDOSIS, SPLEEN

- Section in the spleen.
- It has a variable appearance, some areas tan in color and others paler. The pale regions are deposits of amyloid.
- In some areas there is minimal deposition, in others the spleen appears to be completely replaced by amyloid.
- The spleen appears enlarged, firm and waxy. This is called Sago spleen

CHRONIC RHEUMATIC VALVULITIS WITH DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION

- Section in the heart.
- Bluish deposition of calcium on diseased valve from rheumatic fever

CARBON PARTICLES, LUNG, ANTHRACOSIS

- Section in the lung.
- Black discoloration of lung tissue

CARBON PARTICLES, LUNG, ANTHRACOSIS

- Section in the lung.
- Usually the deposition of black pigment is located in the macrophages of the mucosa and submucosa.
- Alveolar macrophages within respiratory bronchioles often have light brown and finely granular pigmentation referred to as anthracosis

HEMOCHROMATOSIS, LIVER

- Section in the liver.
- Showing Fibrosis and cirrhosis
- Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by up to 100 time

HEMOCHROMATOSIS,PANCREAS, ISLETS CELLS

- Pancreas
- Hemochromatosis of the pancreas.
- This can cause Diabetes Known as ‘Bronze Diabetes’

COAGULATIVE NECROSIS, HEALED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, HEART

Cut Section in heart shows:
- Pale area in the middle of myocardium surrounded by dark red line of hyperemia

LIQUIFACTIVE NECROSIS, ACUTE ABCESS OF THE LUNG

Cut Section in lung shows;
- Single irregular cavity in upper lobe measures 3x2cm with irregular necrotic wall contenting pus

LIQUIFACTIVE NECROSIS, INFARCTION OF THE BRAIN

- Multiple irregular cavities in temporal and occipital lobes with irregular necrotic wall

CASEATING NECROSIS, TUBERCULOSIS OF LYMPH NODES

- Enlarged Matted yellowish caseating Fixed Soft

HEMORRHAGIC INFARCTION, LUNG

- Section in the lung.
- Red Firm areas of infarction in both lungs.
- Surrounded by zone of congestion

CHRONIC VENOUS CONGESTION, LUNG

- Section in the lung.
- Alveolar septae are thickened
- Macrophages laden with hemosiderin are identified (heart failure cells)

CHRONIC VENOUS CONGESTION, LIVER

- Section in the liver.
- The central vein and the central sinusoids are dilated and congested with red blood cells.
- The central liver cells show pressure atrophy while the peripheral liver cells show fatty change.

CHRONIC VENOUS CONGESTION, LIVER

Section in the liver.
- Grossly is known as net mug liver
- The central vein and the central sinusoids are dilated and congested with red blood cells.
- The central liver cells show pressure atrophy while the peripheral liver cells show fatty change.

RECENT THROMBUS

- Section in a small blood vessel.
- The lumen is occluded by a thrombus.
- The thrombus shows pinkish lines of Zahn (cords of fused platelets), fibrin threads and red & white blood cells.

SENILE (DRY) GANGRENE OF LEFT FOOT

- Left foot is gangrenous, with wrinkled, dry and mummified blackish skin.
- The line of demarcation is seen at the level of mid tibia.

MOIST GANGRENE OF RIGHT HAND, FOREARM AND DISTAL PART OF THE ARM

- The right hand, forearm and distal arm are gangrenous, swollen with macerated skin.
- No line of demarcation is seen.

Atrophy

Atrophy

Atrophy

Atrophy

Atrophy of the Brain

Atrophy

Atrophy of Kidney

Atrophy

Aortic aneurysm with laminated thrombus and pressure atrophy of vertebral column. Both aneurysms caused pressure atrophy of the body of vertebrae sparing intervertebral discs

Atrophy of Kidney

Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy

Physiological Hypertrophy

Myocardial Hypertrophy

Myocardial Hypertrophy

Myocardial Hypertrophy

Thyroid Hyperplasia

Thyroid Hyperplasia

Gum Hyperplasia

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

- Enlarged
- Nodular
- Slit like urethra

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

- Enlarged
- Nodular
- Slit like urethra

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Hyperplastic glands, variable in size with papillary infoldings Glands lined by two layers Corpora amylecea could be identified

Squamous Metaplasia

Squamous Metaplasia in urinary bladder

Intestinal Metaplasia Barrette's esophagus

SQUAMOUS CELL PAPILLOMA

- Section in benign uncapsulated tumour
- The tumour is formed of a branched core of connective tissue covered by hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium.
- The hyperplastic epithelium showed basal cell hyperplasia, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis

LIPOMA

- Section in benign capsulated tumor.
- The tumor is formed of mature fat cells with clear vacuolated cytoplasm and compressed nuclei (signet ring appearance).
- The blood vessels are well formed.

PERICANALICULAR FIBROADENOMA, BREAST

- Section in benign capsulated breast tumor.
- The ducts are proliferated, rounded, patent and lined by 2 cells layers, outer flattened and inner cubical.
- The ducts are separated by proliferated fibrous tissue.

FIBROMA OF ORAL CAVITY

- An opened mouth showing a a 1x1cm sized capsulated mass in the left side.
- The mass is covered by intact mucosa.
- Surface was pink and firm

FIBROMA OF OVARY

- A bisected ovary showing a 1.5x1cm mass arising from the ovary.
- The mass was well circumscribed mass with smooth occasional lobulated surface
- Cut section is firm solid grayish white with chalky areas

LIPOMA

- Half of a well defined capsulated yellowish mass (20x10 cm).
- The outer surface was lobulated.
- Cut section was yellowish.

LIPOMA

- A well defined capsulated yellowish mass ( 8x5cm)
- The outer surface was lobulated
- Cut section was yellowish.

HEMANGIOMA

- Large, usually solitary, reddish-brown, well circumscribed, unencapsulated mass with a honeycombed surface
- Some may be pedunculated.

CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA

- Section shows small vascular spaces separated by thin connective tissue.
- The vascular spaces are lined by endothelium.
- The vascular spaces are filled with blood

CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA

- Section shows large vascular spaces separated by thin connective tissue.
- The vascular spaces are lined by endothelium.
- The vascular spaces are filled with blood

CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA

- Section shows large vascular spaces separated by thin connective tissue.
- The vascular spaces are lined by endothelium.
- The vascular spaces are filled with blood

HEMANGIOMA OF LIVER

- Slice of liver showing small well defined brownish non capsulated area with multiple vascular spaces.
- The spaces were filled with blood clots.
- The location may be subcapsular (more common) or deep parenchymal.

BENIGN MELANOCYTIC NEVUS

- Section covered by skin.
- The dermis shows groups of nevus cells which are uniform, rounded, with large nucleus, pale cytoplasm and separated by fibrous tissue.
- Brown melanin is present inside and outside the cells, mainly at the dermoepidermal junction.

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

- Section in malignant tumor covered by skin which is partially ulcerated.
- The dermis is infiltrated by groups of eosinophillic malignant squamous cells with central keratin (cell nests).
- The cells show all malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA:

- Section in locally malignant tumor covered by skin which is partially ulcerated.
- The dermis is infiltrated by groups of bluish malignant basaloid cells with peripheral palisading.
- The cells show all malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA:

- Section in locally malignant tumor covered by skin which is partially ulcerated.
- The dermis is infiltrated by groups of bluish malignant basaloid cells with peripheral palisading.
- The cells show all malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses

ADENOCARCINOMA, LARGE INTESTINE

- Section in large intestine.
- The submucosa shows infiltration by groups of abnormal acini, variable in size, shape and arrangement.
- The acini are lined by malignant cells showing malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism and abnormal mitoses

ADENOCARCINOMA, LARGE INTESTINE

- Section in large intestine.
- The submucosa shows infiltration by groups of abnormal acini, variable in size, shape and arrangement.
- The acini are lined by malignant cells showing malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism and abnormal mitoses
- malignant

ADENOCARCINOMA, LARGE INTESTINE

- Section in large intestine.
- The submucosa shows infiltration by groups of abnormal acini, variable in size, shape and arrangement.
- The acini are lined by malignant cells showing malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism and abnormal mitoses

ULCERATING CARCINOMA OF HAND

- Right hand with a large malignant ulcer on the dorsum.
- The ulcer had irregular margins, raised everted edges and rough necrotic floor

RODENT ULCER (BCC)

- An eye with the medial side showing an irregular ulcer.
- The ulcer had irregular margins, rolled in beaded edges and rough necrotic floor

RODENT ULCER (BCC)

- An eye with the medial side showing an irregular ulcer.
- The ulcer had irregular margins, rolled in beaded edges and rough necrotic floor

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

- Section in malignant tumor.
- The tumor is formed of melanin rich malignant cells showing malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses.
- Brown melanin pigment is seen inside and outside the cells

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

- Section in malignant tumor.
- The tumor is formed of melanin rich malignant cells showing malignant criteria such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses.
- Brown melanin pigment is seen inside and outside the cells

Nevus

- Shows atypical melanocytes proliferating in a disorganized pattern.
- Cells invade both the epidermis and dermis.
- Nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and mitotic figures may be present.

Benign Melanocytic Nevus (Mole)

- Shows regular nests of uniform melanocytes
- Cells are well-organized and look similar (no significant atypia).
- No invasion beyond expected depth.

OSTEOSARCOMA OF FEMUR

- Section in child thigh.
- The femur was swollen by a large ill defined non capsulated infiltrating tumor mass.
- The tumor was grayish brown with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis.

OSTEOSARCOMA

- Section in malignant tumor.
- The tumor is formed of malignant bone forming cells with marked anaplasia and showing all malignant features such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses.
- The stroma is focally osseous, osteoid, cartilaginous or fibrous.

OSTEOSARCOMA

- Section in malignant tumor.
- The tumor is formed of malignant bone forming cells with marked anaplasia and showing all malignant features such as pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses.
- The stroma is focally osseous, osteoid, cartilaginous or fibrous.

OSTEOSARCOMA

- Gross specimen of a bone with osteosarcoma
- primary malignant bone tumor
- Codman’s triangle; This refers to the raised periosteum seen grossly in this specimen due to the aggressive nature of the tumor lifting the periosteum off the bone

CHONDROSARCOMA OF TIBIA

- The upper part of tibia showed an infiltrating ill defined uncapsulated grayish tumor mass (20x10 cm).
- Areas of hemorrhage, necrosis and calcification were seen.

CHONDROSARCOMA

- Blue-grey cartilaginous area
- Whitish chalky areas, likely representing calcification