Genetics & Inheritance Task

Genetics & Inheritance Task

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What is a nucleotide

The basic building blocks in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

What are the basic building blocks of dna

RNA is a single stranded molecule which has a shorter chain of molecules.

what is rna

RNA is used for carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins.

What is RNA used for?

DNA ia a double stranded molecule, what has a long chain of nucleotides, and that carries genetic information.

What is dna

A double helix consists of two chains that twist around each other like a deformed ladder. The rungs connected to the chain are base pairs.

Describe a double helix

DNA molecules are made up of two long chains of nucleotides that form a double helix structure with complimentary base pairings connecting the two.

describe the structure and composition of dna molecules in terms of nucleotides and double helix

Phosphate groups are part of the building blocks (nucleotides) in DNA and RNA. They help form the backbone of the DNA or RNA strand, linking the other parts of the nucleotide together. Phosphate groups are made up of phosphorus and oxygen atoms, and they are important for the overall structure of DNA and RNA.

What are the phosphate groups

Thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine

what is a nitrogenous base

Deoxyribose sugar is a type of sugar found in DNA. It helps make up the structure of DNA by connecting to phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases. It’s similar to the sugar in RNA but is missing one oxygen atom.

Identify the structure of a nucleotide in terms of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. 

Thymine, adenine

Guanine, cytosine

4 nitrogen bases in DNA

Uracil, adenine

Guanine, cytosine

4 nitrogen bases in RNA

Adenine always pairs with thymine/uracil

Cytosine always pairs with guanine

Complimentary base pairing rule

The four nitrogen bases consist of guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine, with thymine being replaced with uracil in RNA. G and C always pair, and A and T always pair.

Identify the four nitrogen bases and describe the complementary base pairing rule

DNA is a molecule that contains genetic informations. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic, is a very large molecule that contains instructions for building proteins.

what is DNA

Splitting of a cell to form new cells. Cell division allows organism to grow , repair damage, and reproduce.

What is cell division

The parent cell is the cell that divides to form daughter cells.

Parent cell

Daughter cells are the new cells formed by cell division.

Daughter cell

In cell division, DNA replicates itself by the parent cell that divides to form 2 daughter cells.

Identify that DNA copies itself during cell division

made up of more than one cell and are extremely complex

what is a multicellular organism

when one parent cell divides to form two daughter cells (mitosis)

when one parent cell divides to form 4 daughter cells (meiosis)

what is cell division

Vital to keep the organisms alive and to help them grow through cell division

Identify the role of cell division in growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organis

a molecule that condenses during cell division

• most humen cells contain only 46

• sex cells contain 23

what are chromosomes

a double helix formed by nucleotides that is connected by base pairs C-G, A-T

What is the DNA structure

What are the two types of cell reproduction and what do they do

during cell division, the DNA on chromosomes is replicated from the parent cell, which splits into two daughter cells

what is genetic transfer

during cell division, the DNA on chromosomes is replicated from the parent cell, which splits into two daughter cells

Identify that information is transferred as DNA on chromosomes when cells reproduce. 

An asexual process in which one parent cell produces two identical daughter cells

What is Mitosis

Mitosis diagram

produces daughter cells and is the cell replication method used form normal growth, tissue repair, generation of tissues, and asexual reproduction

Identify the role of mitosis during the production of new cells for growth and repair.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with variation

What is meisos

gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) that contain half the number of chromosomes a human cell has

what are gametes

Allows for sexual reproduction by making daughter cells with only half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell

Identify the role of meiosis during the production of gametes (sex cells).

Different form of the same gene

what are alleles

When 2 alleles are the same (RR, rr)

what is homozygous

When 2 alleles are different (Rr)

what is heterozygous

A gene that is observed in the outwards appearance of a heterozygous gene (RR, Rr)

Capital letter = Dominant gene

what is a dominant gene

A trait that doesn’t appear when gene is heterozygous and only seen when homozygous (rr)

Lower case = recessive

what is a recessive gene

Eye colour

Skin colour

Dimples

Hair colour

Attached/ not attached earlobe

State some inherited traits.

Genetic information carried by an individuals and it is also the combination of alleles

what is a genotype

observable characteristics of the way the genotype is expressed

what is a phenotype

Genotype is the combination of alleles while the phenotype is what that code displays

State the difference between genotype and phenotype

The manipulation and genetic modification of genes using technology

define genetic modification

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Stages of Mitosis

Chromosomes replicate to have 2 chromatids

What is the interphase (draw diagram)

Replicated chromosomes and their chromatids become visible

What is the prophase (draw diagram)

Replicated chromosomes line up along the equator

What is the metaphase (draw diagram)

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

What is the anaphase (draw diagram)

Two nuclei form, each with the same number come chromosomes

What is the telophase (draw diagram)

Cell membranes form, making two daughter cells, each with a nucleus

What is the cytokinesis (draw diagram)

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Stages of Meiosis

Replicated chromosomes form homozygous pairs, attached to spindle fibres and lined up in the middle.

What is the metaphase 1 (draw diagram)

One replicated chromosome of each pair moves to each pole

What is the anaphase 1 (draw diagram)

Two cells are formed, each replicated with 1 chromosome

What is the telophase 1 (draw diagram)

Chromosomes line up along the equator attached to spindle fibres

What is the metaphase 2 (draw diagram)

Chromatids separate and move to poles

What is the anaphase 2 (draw diagram)

4 cells result with half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell. They are gametes

What is the telophase 2 (draw diagram)

The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two different sexes.

What is sexual reproduction

Offspring are produced by a single parent without fertilization or genetic exchange

What is asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves combining genetic information from 2 genders, where as asexual reproduction is without fertilization or genetic exchange

Explain the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction 

A gene that is observed in the outwards appearance of a heterozygous gene (RR, Rr)

Capital letter = Dominant gene

Dominant allele

A trait that doesn’t appear when gene is heterozygous and only seen when homozygous (rr)

Lower case = recessive

Recessive allele

A dominant allele can be seen whenever it is in a genotype, whereas a recessive allele can only be seen when the gene is homozygous

Explain the difference between dominant and recessive alleles

Used to identify changes in DNA sequences of chromosome structure

what is gene testing

• Early detection of diseases

• Personalised treatment

• Understanding inherited traits

• Advantages in precision medicine

Advantages of gene testing

• Incomplete understanding of complex traits

• Psychological impact

• False negatives and false positives

• Overdiagnosis and over medicalisation

disadvantages of gene testing

Explains how traits are inherited through genes, which are passed from parent to child

Explain gene theory

To develop new products, methods, and organisms intended to improve human health and scociety

What is biotechnology

• Research into diseases

• Cures for diseases

• Medical advancements

• Environmental sustainability

advantages of biotechnology

• Loss of biodiversity

• False hope in finding medical cures

• Health risks

Disadvantages of biotechnology

Replication is doubling the DNA and making a copy. It occurs in the nucleus through mitosis and meiosis

What is replication and where does it happen