Enterics

enteric bacteria are gram ______ with a ______ peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane

negative rods, thin

enterics are primarily found in the:

GI tract

which bacteria belong to the enterobacteriacea family of enterics?

E. coli, klebsiella, shigella, salmonella, proteus, enterobacter, serratia, yersiella

which bacteria belong to the vibrionaceae?

vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus

which baterial belong to the bacteroidaceae?

bacteroides fragilis and bacteroides melaninogenicus

which tests allow for biochemical classification of the enterics?

lactose fermentation, growth on MacConkey or EMB

if bacteria have the ability to ferment lactose, what color will appear on MacConkey agar? EMB?

pink on MacConkey, purple on EMB

which enteric bacteria have the ability to ferment lactose?

E.Coli, Klebsiella penumonia, Serratia, Enterobacter, Bacteroides Fragilis

which antigens are found on the cell wall of the gram negative bacteria?

O antigen, K antigen, H antigen for motile bacteria only

Toxins released from E. Coli:

Heat Labile toxin (HL), heat stable toxin (HS), Shiga toxin, EHEC, ETEC, Lipid A

heat labile toxin activates _______, heat stable toxin activates _________

adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclse

Shiga-like toxin inhibits ________ and damages:

protein synthesis, endothelial cells

EHEC causes:

bloody diarrhea

ETEC causes

watery diarrhea

Shiga-like toxin from E. Coli causes which pathotypes of E.Coli?

EHEC

Which toxin causes the ETEC pathotype of E. coli and what is the mechanism?

Exotoxins blocking NaCl absorption

Enteroinvasive EIEC

invades intestinal epithelium --> Bloody diarrhea with fever

E. Coli can cause:

UTIs, neonatal meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia

Proteus Mirabilis is urease:

positive

Clinical presentation of proteus mirabilis:

causes kidney stones, UTIs

what is a common cause of proteus mirabilis?

catheter associated UTIs/HA infections

Klebsiella pneumonia appears ____ on MacConkey agar and _____ on EMB meaning it is a :

pink, purple, lactose fermenter

klebsiella is NOT:

motile

how does proteus mirabilis appear on agar?

swimming (numerous flagella)

Klebsiella pneumonia is common in ______ and ___________

alcoholics and hospitalized patients

what distinguishes klebisella pneumonia sputum from strep pneumonia?

jelly like

klebsiella pneumonia has _______ from its prominent capsule

mucoid colonies

Enterobacter and Serratia are part of ______ but can cause _______

normal flora, HA (nosocial) infections

Clinical presentation of Enterobacter:

catheter associated UTIs, sepsis

Enterobacter is resistant to:

cephalosporin

Serratia marcescens is known for its:

bright red apperance

Serratia marcescens is commonly spread via:

contaminated medical equipment

Shigella is _____ and always considered a:

non-motile, pathogen

S. dysenteriae produces ______ which leads to:

Shiga toxin, nausea/diarrhea

what are the pathotypes of shigella?

S. Dysenteriae, S. Flexneri, S. Boydii, S. Sonnei

Non-typhoid salmonella is _____ and causes ________

motile, gastroenteritis

non-typhoid salmonella is also considered a:

zoonotic pathogen

what are common reservoirs for non-typhoid salmonella?

GI tracts of turtles, chickens and cattle

Typhi Salmonella is typically transmitted via:

food/water contaminated with human feces

Salmonella Typhi survives _______ and spreads to:

intracellularly, regional lymph nodes/multiple organs

Salmonella Typhi causes:

rose spots on abdomen and a fever that increases (typhoid fever)

Chronic carriers of salmonella typhi carry it where:

gallbladder

Yersinia enterocolitica grows well at _______ temps and can mimic _____

refrigerated, appendicitis

transmission of yersinia enterocolitica:

contaminated food/ unpasteurized milk, causes mesenteric lymphadenitis

Vibrio Cholerae is ___ and produces the:

curved, cholera toxin

the cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae does what:

activates adenylate cyclase --> diarrhea

clinical presentation of vibrio cholerae:

electrolyte imbalance/dehydration (rice water diarrhea)

Which enteric bacteria causes rapid dehydration that requires aggressive IV therapy and hospitalization?

vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahemolyticus are both:

oxidase positive

characteristics of vibrio parahemolyticus bacteria:

halo-philic (salt loving)

vibrio parahaemolyticus is commonly caused by:

shellfish

common symptoms of vibrio parahaemolyticus:

gastroenteritis, on the floor in fetal position due to abdominal cramping

Helicobacter Pylori is a _________ bacteria

catalase positive, curved

H. pylori is unique in that it does not secrete any:

toxins

H. pylori is a leading cause of _____, and requires what for treatment?

peptic ulcers, quadruple therapy (antibodies & PPIs)

Campylobacter jejuni is commonly associated with:

Guillan-Barre syndrome

Campylobacter Jejuni is a _____ pathogen with which morphology?

zoonotic, curved

toxins of C. Jejuni

enterotoxin and cytotoxins

Bacteroides fragilis lacks ________ and is common after:

lipid A, bowel surgery

common infections of bacteroides fragilis:

OB/GYN infections, peritoneal infections

bacteroides melaninogenicus produces _________ on blood agar

black pigment

clinical presentation of bacteroides melaninogenicus:

peridontal disease, necrotizing pneumonia

none of the bacteroidance bacteria are ________ all are found in:

motile, natural flora

fusobacterium is _______ shaped and found in:

spindle, oral cavity

clinical symptoms of fuscobacterium:

- abdominal/pelvic abscesses and otitis media

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces __________ pigments and has a ______ smell

blue/green, grape-like

How is Pseudomonas Aeruginosa spread?

Wind, Water, Wound, Wires

which toxins do Pseudomonas Aeruginosa release?

Exotoxin A, Elatase, Alkaline Protease, Biofilm Production

pseudomonas is oxidase:

positive = purple

clinical presentation of pseudomonas aeruginosa:

burn patients, endocarditis, pneumonia, UTIs, wound infections, malignant external otitis

Which bacteria