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Theory of Evolution
The process by which new species form from pre-existing species over time, as a result of genetic changes in populations.
Species
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Gene Pool
The collection of genes within an interbreeding population.
Natural Selection
The process through which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Genetic Drift
A mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population.
Founder Effect
A phenomenon that occurs when a new population is established by a small number of individuals, leading to a reduced genetic diversity.
Reproductive Isolation
A condition in which two populations can no longer interbreed, often due to genetic differences or behavioral changes.
Speciation
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
DNA Sequencing
A method used to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Phylogenetic Tree
A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among species.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
The genetic material found in mitochondria, which is inherited maternally and changes only through mutation.
Molecular Clock Theory
A method used to estimate the time of evolutionary events based on the constant rate of mutation in DNA sequences.
Carbon Dating
A scientific method used to determine the age of an artifact or fossil by measuring its carbon-14 content.
