Unit 3b: Civil Rights & Liberties

Civil Liberties

Freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution

Due Process of Law

Courts must follow proper legal procedures

Free Exercise Clause of the 1st Amendment

People can exercise any religion they want

Right to Privacy

Protection from unwarranted intrusion

“Clear and Present Danger”

When freedom of speech is very obviously harmful

Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment

There is no established religion in the government

Miranda Rights

Things that cops say while detaining you

Selective Incorporation

SCOTUS selectively incorporating the amendments to the states

Double Jeopardy

Cannot be tried for the same thing twice

Exclusionary Rule

Government can’t use evidence obtained illegally against someone

Prior Restraint

Government preventing speech before it occurs

Symbolic Speech

Nonverbal communication that conveys a message or idea

Affirmative Action

Reducing discrimination and providing opportunities for underserved groups

De Facto Segregation

Racial segregation in practice

Grandfather Clause

If ancestors could vote

Title IX (Title 9)

No sex discrimination in programs receiving federal funding

Civil Rights

Fundamental

De Jure Segregation

Racial segregation by policy and law

Jim Crow laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern United States from the late 19th century until the Civil Rights Movement

“Separate but Equal” Doctrine

Segregation is okay as long as the facilities are equal

Literacy Test

Tests used for disenfranchisement

Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

All people are treated equally under the law

Poll Tax

A fee required to be paid before one can vote, used primarily to disenfranchise African American voters and poor individuals

White Primary

Primaries in the south where only white people could vote