The Solar System

15; 59

Earth’s average surface temperature is _____°C (_____°F)

decreases; all; distance; Inverse Square Law

Temperature _______ with distance from the sun because the Sun’s energy radiates out into Space in ____ directions, and dissipates with _____ due to the _______ _____ ____

Habitable zone

______ _____ is the distance from a star at which liquid water can exist on an orbiting planet’s surface

Nuclear Fusion; electromagnetic radiation

_____ ____ is where the nuclei of atoms bond together, producing new (larger) atoms, and releasing energy. It generates _____ _____, which reaches Earth’s surface as sunlight

Nuclear Fission;

_____ _____ breaks larger atoms into smaller ones and releases energy. It’s used in nuclear reactors to produce energy

Heliopause; heliosphere; tear-drop; rotation

The ______ is the pressure of the Sun’s solar wind = that of interstellar space. The area within the heliopause is called the ______, which has a ______ shape because of the _____ of the Milky Way Galaxy

Kuiper Belt; dwarf; Oort Cloud; 1

The _____ _____ extends from about 30 – 50 AU, beyond the orbit of Neptune. It includes _____ planets like Pluto and Eris. The ____ ____ contains more icy objects that orbit approximately 2,000 –100,000 AU (1.5 light-years). __ AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

Voyager 1; Earth

_____ ____ (launched 1977): is the farthest object from Earth. It photographed the “Pale Blue Dot” (_____)

Mechanical waves; Electromagnetic waves; perpendicular; Electromagnetic; mechanical

_____ ____ allow energy to move through matter. _____ ______ have an electrical field component and a magnetic field component. These two components move in wave form ______ to each other. ______ waves can travel in a vacuum whereas ____ waves need material to travel through

crests; troughs; wavelength; less; frequency; Hz; less

Waves have peaks, known as _____, and valleys, known as _____. The distance between successive crests is the _______. Wavelength is expressed as 𝜆, its units are μm or nm. Waves with longer wavelengths have _____ energy than waves with shorter wavelengths. The number of crests that pass by a point within one second is the _____ of the wave. Measured in _____. Waves with lower frequency have _____ energy than waves with higher frequency

wavelength; not; atmospheric windows

In the visible spectrum, the color of the light is determined by its ______. Visible and infrared light have wavelengths that are _____ absorbed by gases in Earth’s atmosphere. Thus, we say that they pass through ______ ______

Heat energy

______ ______ is determined by the average rate of motion of individual molecules in a substance

Temperature

_______ is a measure of the internal heat energy of a substance

Flux;

______ is used to describe the amount of energy or material that passes through a given area (perpendicular to that area) per unit time

vaporize

If all the energy produced by the Sun arrived at Earth at once, it would ______ our planet.

blackbody; blackbody radiation; more; increases; shorter; temperature

A ______ is a substance that emits (or absorbs) electromagnetic radiation with 100% efficiency at all wavelengths. The radiation emitted by a blackbody is called _____ ______. Four rules govern the behavior of blackbodies:

1. Warmer objects emit ______ radiation, at all wavelengths, than colder objects.

2. The total amount of radiation an object emits ______ as its temperature

increases.

3. As the temperature of an object increases, the wavelength of maximum radiation emission shifts toward _____

wavelengths.

4. The wavelength at which a glowing object emits the greatest amount of energy depends on the surface ______ of the object.

Effective Temperature; shortwave; longwave

______ ______ is if the Earth had no atmosphere, the Earth would be 255

K (or -18°C or 0°F). Solar flux reaches the Earth as _____ radiation. Radiative flux leaves the Earth as _____ radiation

incoming solar radiation; reflected

Concerning Earth’s Energy Budget, the inputs are ______ ______ ______ = 340.4 Wm^-2. The outputs are ______ by clouds & atmosphere = 77.0 Wm^-2

• reflected by surface = 22.9 Wm^-2

• total outgoing infrared radiation 239.9 Wm^-2