pos psych ica 1

healing

Psychology after World War II became a science

largely devoted to?

disease

It concentrated on

repairing damage using a ___ model of hu-

man functioning.

fulfilled individual and a thriving community,

This almost exclusive atten-

tion to pathology neglected the idea of a?

building strength is

the most potent weapon in the arsenal of ther-

apy.

the focus of disease model neglected the possibility that

to cata-

lyze a change in psychology from a preoccu-

pation only with repairing the worst things in

life to also building the best qualities in life.

The aim of positive psychology is 

 bring

the building of strength to the forefront in the

treatment and prevention of mental illness.

how to redress previous imbalance?

positive subjective ex-

perience: well-being and satisfaction (past);

flow, joy, the sensual pleasures, and happiness

(present); and constructive cognitions about the

future—optimism, hope, and faith.

The field of positive psychology at the sub-

jective level is about

positive personal

traits—the capacity for love and vocation, cour-

age, interpersonal skill, aesthetic sensibility,

perseverance, forgiveness, originality, future-mindedness, high talent, and wisdom

 At the in-

dividual level it is about

civic virtues and the

institutions that move individuals toward better

citizenship: responsibility, nurturance, altruism,

civility, moderation, tolerance, and work ethic

At the

group level it is about the

“seeing into the

soul”—and amplifying it, nurturing it, helping

her to lead her life around it to buffer against

her weaknesses and the storms of life.

I real-

ized that raising Nikki was about taking this

marvelous skill—I call it

identifying and

nurturing their strongest qualities, what they

own and are best at, and helping them find

niches in which they can best live out these pos-

itive qualities.

what is raising children about?

curing mental illness,

making the lives of all people more productive

and fulfilling, and identifying and nurturing

high talent

Before World War II, psychology had

three distinct missions

2 economic events

which events changed the face of psych after world war

In 1946, the Veterans Administration was

founded

 thousands of psychologists found

out that they could make a living treating men-

tal illness and At that time the profession of clinical

psychologist came into its own because of

1947

when was NIMH founded?

the American Psychiatric Association’s

disease model

the Na-

tional Institute of Mental Health was based on which model?

pathology

academics found out that they could get

grants if their research was described as being

about 

at least 14

how many previously intractable disorders,

have yielded their secrets to science and can

now be either cured or considerably relieved

the currency of the theories

underpinning how we viewed ourselves. 

It was

not only the subject matter that altered with

funding but also

victim-

ology.

Psy-

chology came to see itself as a mere subfield of

the health professions, and it became a

passive foci:

stimuli came on and elicited responses

We saw human beings as

external reinforcements

what weakened or strengthened re-

sponses, or drives, tissue needs, or instincts.

conflicts from childhood

what pushed each of us around

assessing and curing individual suffering.

Psychology’s empirical focus then shifted to

psycho-

logical disorders and the negative effects of en-

vironmental stressors such as parental divorce,

death, and physical and sexual abuse.

There

has been an explosion in research on

disease-patient framework of repair-

ing damage: damaged habits, damaged drives,

damaged childhood, and damaged brains.

Practi-

tioners went about treating mental illness

within the

deformed

The message of the positive psychology

movement is to remind our field that it has been

.

strength and virtue

Psychology is not just the study of

disease, weakness, and damage; it also is the

study of 

building what is right

Treatment is not

just fixing what is wrong; it also is

work, education,

insight, love, growth, and play.

Psychology is not just about ill-

ness or health; it also is about

scientific

 it tries to adapt what is

best in the ___ method to the unique prob-

lems that human behavior presents in all its

complexity.

the work of the Presidential Task Force

on Prevention, headed by Suzanne Bennett Johnson and Roger Weissberg.

who is bringing the neglected missions of psych to the foreground?

-attempt to identify the "Best practices in prevention

- explore "Creating a new profession: training in prevention and health promotion" by setting up conferences on the training of the next generation of prevention psychologist

-will work with Henry Tomes of APA's Public Interest Directorate in the ad campaign to prevent violence in children

- will sponsor a

special issue on prevention in the 21st century for the American Psychologis

- it will ask what psychology can do to nurture highly talented children.

jobs of the task force?

scientific principles

 an enduring positive psychology must be built on

Reification

means treating an idea or concept as if it were a real, concrete thing.

Deification

means treating something as if it is sacred or unquestionable, almost like a god.

Boulder

“fatal flaw” of the standards for clinical psy-

chology training that were established at the

1950 ____ Conference.

the uncritical acceptance of the

medical model, the organic explanation of men-

tal disorders, with psychiatric hegemony, med-

ical concepts, and language

“fatal flaw” of the standards for clinical psy-

chology training that were established at the

1950 Boulder Conference.

illness ideology

the language of clinical psychology remains the

language of medicine and pathology—what

may be called the language of the 

in the person’s interactions with the environment or in socio-cultural values and sociocultural forces such as prejudice and oppression.

clinical terms situate the locus of human adjustment and maladjustment inside the person rather than

 pas-

sive victims of intrapsychic and biological forces

beyond their direct control who therefore

should be the passive recipients of an expert’s

“care and cure.”

clinical terms potray people who are seeking help as?

the prevention of illness

Decades ago the field of medicine began

to shift its emphasis from the treatment of ill-

ness to

the enhancement of

health 

and later from

the prevention of illness to

move

closer to mainstream psychology

The way to

modernize is not to move even closer to

pathology-focused psychiatry but to

intricate theo-

ries of failure than in theories of success

clinical psychologists have been more interested in

amplify

strengths rather than repair the weaknesses of

their clients

They need to acknowledge

that much of the best work that they already

do in the counseling room is to

problems

in living, not disorders or diseases. 

 In

this new language, ineffective patterns of be-

haviors, cognitions, and emotions are

the interactions between the individual

and other people, including the culture at large

These prob-

lems in living are located not inside individuals

but in

clients or students, not

patients

People seeking assistance in enhancing the qual-

ity of their lives are

teachers, coun-

selors, consultants, coaches, or even social activ-

ists, not clinicians or doctors

Professionals who specialize in facili-

tating psychological health are

educational, relational, social, and political in-

terventions, not medical treatments

Strategies and

techniques for enhancing the quality of lives are

centers, schools, or

resorts, not clinics or hospitals.

facilities to which people will go for assistance

with problems in living are

the illness ideology

is enshrined in the most powerful book in psy-

chiatry and clinical psychology- DSM

the pri-

mary barrier to abandoning the language of the

illness ideology and adopting the language of

positive psychology is that

antithesis of positive

psychology.

The DSM’s categorizing and pathologizing of

human experience is the

mental disorder

a clinically sig-

nificant behavioral or psychological syndrome

or pattern that occurs in an individual

“defense mechanisms”

So steeped in the illness ideology is the DSM-

IV that affiliation, anticipation, altruism, and

humor are described as

iconoclasm

What is needed, therefore, is a

kind of ____, and the icon in need of shat-

tering is the DSM

not DSM’s de-

struction but its deconstruction

goal of iconoclasm

deconstruction of DSM

 first stage

of a reconstruction of our view of human be-

havior and problems in living.

social constructions

our conceptions of psycho-

logical normality and abnormality, along with

our specific diagnostic labels and categories, are

not facts about people but

social constructions

abstract concepts that were developed collabor-

atively by the members of society (individuals

and institutions) over time and that represent a

shared view of the world.

scientific

document. . . . It is a social document

Widiger and Trull

(1991) have said, the DSM “is not a

invented not discovered

“mental disorder” and the nu-

merous diagnostic categories of the DSM were

actively constructs a version

of both normal and abnormal . . . which is then

applied to individuals who end up being classi-

fied as normal or abnormal” 

a taxonomy of mental

disorders such as the DSM “does not simply

describe and classify characteristics of groups of

individuals, but . . .

social artifacts

The illness ideology’s conception of “mental

disorder” and the various specific DSM catego-

ries of mental disorders are not reflections and

mappings of psychological facts about people.

Instead, they are

a normative or evaluative

concept”

our definition of

physical disease “is

assumptions

about how people should live their lives and

about what makes life worth living

 our

notions of psychological normality-abnormality

and health-illness are linked to our

social constructions of de-

viance

The homosexuality controversy

seemed to show that psychiatric diagnoses were

clearly wrapped up in

social world as pathology of the

mind or body

Lopez and

Guarnaccia- psychopathology is as much pa-

thology of the

86

DSM 1952 no. of pages

106

DSM 1952 no. of disorders

900

DSM 1994 no. of pages

297

DSM 1952 no. of disorders

is now premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Premenstrual emotional

change

nicotine dependence

Cigarette smokers have

caffeine intoxication or caffeine-induced

sleep disorder

If

you drink large quantities of coffee, you may

develop

alcohol intoxica-

tion.

Being drunk is

BDD

 “a preoccupation with a defect

in appearance” that causes “significant distress

or impairment in . . . functioning”

LD

A child

whose academic achievement is “substantially

below that expected for age, schooling, and level

of intelligence”

oppositional

defiant disorder

Toddlers who throw tantrums have

hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Not wanting sex often enough

is

sexual aversion disorder

Not want-

ing sex at all is

orgasmic dis-

order

Having

sex but not having orgasms or having them too

late or too soon is considered an

male erec-

tile disorder

Failure (for men) to maintain “an ade-

quate erection . . . that causes marked distress or

interpersonal difficulty

female sexual arousal dis-

order.

Failure (for women) to attain or

maintain “an adequate lubrication or swelling

response of sexual excitement accompanied by distress is

autoerotic aversion disorder

not masturbating at

all, if accompanied by “marked distress or in-

terpersonal difficulty,”

1- categories are facts about the world

2- we can distinguish between normal and abnormal

3- categories facilitate clinical judgement

4- categories facilitate treatment

4 faulty assumptions

a sys-

tem of socially constructed categories is a set of

facts about the world.

The basic assumption of the DSM is that

validity not reliability

issue of categories

validity

the ___ of

a classification system refers not to the extent

to which it provides an accurate “map” of re-

ality but, instead, to the extent to which it

serves the goals of those who developed it. 

ar-

bitrary.

 all systems of classification are

utility, and its utility can be eval-

uated only in reference to a set of chosen goals,

which in turn are based on values.

we can evaluate the “valid-

ity” of a system of representing reality only by

evaluating its

“What do we

value? What goals do we want to accomplish?

How well does this system help us accomplish

them?

instead of asking, “How true is this system of

classification?” we have to ask,

are one and the same

diagnostic

validity and utility

Categorical thinking

______is not the only means,

however, for making sense of the world, al-

though it is a characteristically Western means

for doing so

understanding, explaining

Also, as a result of confusing our cate-

gories with the real world, we too often confuse

classifying with ____, and labeling with ____.

1- it ig-

nores the legions of essentially healthy people

who seek professional help before their prob-

lems get out of hand (and who have good health

insurance coverage), as well as the vast numbers

of people who experience problems that are sim-

ilar or identical to those experienced by those

relatively few people who appear in places called

clinics, yet who never seek professional help

2-  adaptive

and maladaptive psychological phenomena dif-

fer not in kind but in degree and that continuity

exists between normal and abnormal and be-

tween adaptive and maladaptive functioning. 

3- the processes by which maladaptive be-

havior is acquired and maintained are the same

as those that explain the acquisition and main-

tenance of adaptive behavior.

4-  nor-

mality and abnormality, as well as effective and

ineffective psychological functioning, lie along a

continuum, 

in assumption 2, discontinuity assumption is

mistaken for at least three reasons-

the effect-

iveness of that behavior in the context of the

person’s goals and situational norms, expecta-

tions, and demands

the adaptiveness or

maladaptiveness of a behavior rests not in the

nature of the behavior itself but in

the degree to which

such conflicts and defenses interfere with func-

tioning in everyday life 

psy-

chopathology is characterized not by the pres-

ence of underlying unconscious conflicts and

defense mechanisms but by

extreme variants

so-called psychological dis-

orders are simply ____of normal

psychological phenomena and ordinary prob-

lems in living