Eastside history prep

Q: He was raised alongside his brother in Alba Longa after being abandoned by their mother, Rhea Silvia. Rescued by a she-wolf and later a shepherd named Faustulus, he and his brother overthrew their great-uncle Amulius to restore the throne to their grandfather Numitor. However, after a dispute over augury while founding a new city, he killed his brother and became the first king of Rome. Who was this legendary founder of Rome, traditionally credited with establishing it in 753 BCE?

Q: He was raised alongside his brother in Alba Longa after being abandoned by their mother, Rhea Silvia. Rescued by a she-wolf and later a shepherd named Faustulus, he and his brother overthrew their great-uncle Amulius to restore the throne to their grandfather Numitor. However, after a dispute over augury while founding a new city, he killed his brother and became the first king of Rome. Who was this legendary founder of Rome, traditionally credited with establishing it in 753 BCE?

A: Romulus.

Q: This king of Rome succeeded Romulus and was renowned for his focus on religion and governance rather than war. Guided by the nymph Egeria, he introduced many priestly offices, including the Pontifex Maximus, and revised the Roman calendar to include January and February. Who was this second king of Rome, credited with fostering early Roman spirituality?

A: Numa Pompilius.

Q: Known for his aggressive military campaigns, this king of Rome destroyed the city of Alba Longa and forcibly resettled its inhabitants in Rome. He is said to have neglected religious duties, prompting divine wrath that led to his house being struck by lightning. Who was this warlike third king of Rome?

A: Tullus Hostilius.

Q: During his reign as the fourth king of Rome, he expanded the city’s boundaries to include the Aventine and Janiculum Hills. He also fortified the city by building a wooden bridge over the Tiber and founded the port city of Ostia. Who was this king, known for his focus on both territorial expansion and urban development?

A: Ancus Marcius.

Q: He succeeded Ancus Marcius and introduced significant Etruscan cultural influences to Rome, including the construction of the Circus Maximus and the Cloaca Maxima. He was murdered by the sons of his predecessor, yet his reign laid the groundwork for Rome’s architectural greatness. Who was this fifth king of Rome?

A: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus.

Q: This sixth king of Rome reorganized Roman society by implementing the Servian Constitution, dividing citizens into classes based on wealth and military service. According to legend, his reign ended in tragedy when he was overthrown and killed by his own daughter, Tullia, and her husband. Who was this king, credited with constructing the Servian Wall?

A: Servius Tullius.

Q: Known for his tyrannical rule and disregard for Roman traditions, he is infamous for his role in the assault on Lucretia by his son Sextus, which led to a revolt and the end of monarchy in Rome. He was responsible for significant projects such as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, yet his oppressive reign caused his expulsion. Who was this seventh and final king of Rome?

A: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.

Q: This Roman office was established in 494 BCE as a direct result of the plebeians’ grievances during their first secession to the Sacred Mount. These officials were considered sacrosanct and wielded the power of veto, allowing them to block actions that harmed the interests of plebeians. What was this critical institution in the Roman Republic, created to protect the rights of the common people?

A: Tribune of the Plebs.

Q: Codified around 451-449 BCE, these laws marked Rome’s first attempt to create a written legal framework. Resulting from plebeian demands for transparency in the judicial process, they were inscribed on bronze tablets and displayed in the Forum. Providing the foundation for Roman jurisprudence, what were these early laws known as?

A: The Twelve Tables.

Q: Known for leading one of the most devastating defeats in Roman military history, this Carthaginian general famously crossed the Alps with his war elephants during the Second Punic War. His innovative tactics crushed Roman forces at Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and most notably Cannae. Who was this military commander who became one of Rome's greatest adversaries?

A: Hannibal Barca.

Q: This Roman statesman, known for his integrity, resisted bribery attempts from Pyrrhus of Epirus during negotiations after the battles of Heraclea and Asculum. A symbol of Roman moral values, who was this figure, who also served as consul and ambassador?

A: Fabricius.

Q: Fought from 343 to 290 BCE, this series of wars tested Roman resolve against a resilient foe known for their guerrilla-style mountain warfare. Key battles included the Caudine Forks, where Roman soldiers were humiliated, and Sentinum, where Rome finally achieved decisive victory. What was this prolonged conflict that established Rome’s dominance over central Italy?

A: The Samnite Wars.

Q: This pivotal battle of 202 BCE concluded the Second Punic War and marked the end of Carthage as a major military threat. Taking place in North Africa, it saw the Roman general Scipio Africanus decisively defeat Hannibal using superior cavalry tactics. What was this battle that secured Roman dominance in the western Mediterranean?

A: The Battle of Zama.

Q: In 149 BCE, Rome declared war on a weakened Carthage, demanding the city be abandoned and relocated inland. After a three-year siege, the city was razed, its population enslaved, and its territories annexed as the province of Africa. What was this final conflict that ended the Punic Wars?

A: The Third Punic War.

Q: This Roman general rose to prominence during the Jugurthine War, introducing reforms such as recruiting landless citizens into the legions. Later, his rivalry with Sulla would lead to a series of civil wars. Who was this man, known for transforming the Roman army into a professional force?

A: Gaius Marius.

Q: During the Roman Republic, this alliance of three powerful leaders was formed in 60 BCE to consolidate political power. Including Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, it dominated Roman politics until internal conflicts led to its collapse. What was this informal coalition known as?

A: The First Triumvirate.

Q: Known for his cautious and delaying tactics against Hannibal during the Second Punic War, this Roman general avoided direct confrontation to weaken the Carthaginian forces through attrition. Although his strategy was initially unpopular, it proved instrumental in Rome’s ultimate victory. Who was this man, nicknamed Cunctator, or "The Delayer"?

A: Quintus Fabius Maximus.

Q: In 494 BCE, plebeians, frustrated by economic hardship and lack of political representation, withdrew from Rome and established their own assembly on a nearby hill. This act of collective defiance led to significant political concessions, including the creation of the Tribune of the Plebs. What was this first major social revolt of the Roman Republic called?

A: The First Secession of the Plebs.

Q: This legendary Roman hero is celebrated for defending the Pons Sublicius bridge against the advancing Etruscan army of Lars Porsenna. After ensuring the bridge was destroyed to prevent the enemy's crossing, he famously leapt into the Tiber River to escape. Who was this figure of Roman virtue and courage?

A: Horatius Cocles.

Q: This Numidian king came to power through intrigue and treachery, sparking a conflict with Rome over the succession to the Numidian throne. Despite employing guerrilla tactics to evade Roman forces, he was ultimately captured and paraded in a Roman triumph. Who was this monarch, defeated in the Jugurthine War?

A: Jugurtha.

Q: During this infamous battle of the Second Punic War, Hannibal’s forces surrounded and annihilated a vastly larger Roman army through a double envelopment maneuver. The catastrophic defeat caused Rome to rethink its military strategies. What was this 216 BCE battle, one of the most studied in military history?

A: The Battle of Cannae.

Q: This Roman general and dictator is often cited as a paragon of civic virtue. Called from his farm to lead the Roman army, he swiftly defeated the Aequi before resigning his dictatorship and returning to his plow. Who was this figure, whose name became synonymous with selfless leadership?

A: Cincinnatus.

Q: This Roman legal reformer reorganized citizens into classes based on wealth and military service. His reign ended in tragedy when he was killed by his own daughter and her husband, who seized power. Who was this sixth king of Rome, known for his Servian Constitution?

A: Servius Tullius.

Q: This event occurred in 390 BCE when a Celtic tribe led by Brennus invaded and sacked Rome. Although the Romans were forced to pay a ransom to the Gauls, the traumatic event spurred reforms in Roman military organization. What was this early crisis, marked by the phrase "Vae victis" or "Woe to the conquered"?

A: The Sack of Rome by the Gauls.

Q: The site of a decisive Roman victory in 207 BCE, this battle thwarted Hannibal’s reinforcements from reaching him in Italy. Led by Hasdrubal Barca, the Carthaginian forces were intercepted and destroyed by Roman armies, marking a turning point in the Second Punic War. What was this battle?

A: The Battle of the Metaurus River.

Q: This law, passed in 367 BCE, allowed plebeians to hold the consulship, breaking the patrician monopoly on Rome’s highest offices. It was a major milestone in the Struggle of the Orders. What was this law, co-sponsored by tribunes Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus?

A: The Licinian-Sextian Law.

Q: These were the first set of written laws in Roman history, established in the mid-5th century BCE as a result of plebeian demands for transparency. Engraved on bronze tablets and displayed in the Forum, they addressed topics such as debt, property, and family. What were these laws called?

A: The Twelve Tables.

Q: This battle in 280 BCE marked the first major encounter between Rome and Pyrrhus of Epirus. Though victorious, Pyrrhus suffered heavy losses that diminished his forces, coining the term “Pyrrhic victory.” What was this battle, fought in southern Italy near modern-day Basilicata?

A: The Battle of Heraclea.

Q: This battle occurred during the Second Samnite War, where the Roman army was trapped and humiliated by being forced to pass under a yoke. The defeat, though not catastrophic militarily, was a major blow to Roman pride. What was this 321 BCE encounter?

A: The Battle of the Caudine Forks.

Q: Known for their piracy and control of Adriatic trade routes, this group clashed with Rome in a series of wars during the 3rd century BCE. Their queen, Teuta, was defeated in the First Illyrian War, and their territories were eventually annexed. Who were these people?

A: The Illyrians.

Q: This Roman censor and statesman initiated major infrastructure projects, including the Appian Way and the Aqua Appia, Rome’s first aqueduct. Known for his bold policies and disregard for tradition, who was this influential early Roman figure?

A: Appius Claudius Caecus.

Q: Following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, this political alliance was formed to avenge his death and consolidate power. It consisted of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, but internal tensions eventually led to its dissolution. What was this alliance?

A: The Second Triumvirate.

Q: This battle in 31 BCE marked the end of the Roman Republic, as Octavian defeated the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Their defeat solidified Octavian’s control over Rome, ushering in the Roman Empire. What was this decisive naval battle?

A: The Battle of Actium.

Q: Known for her escape from Etruscan captivity, this Roman heroine swam across the Tiber with a group of fellow hostages. Her bravery impressed both the Romans and her captor, Lars Porsenna, who allowed her freedom. Who was this early Roman symbol of courage?

A: Cloelia.

Q: This warlord of Alba Longa usurped the throne from his brother, Numitor, and ordered the death of Numitor’s grandsons. However, his plans were thwarted when the twins he sought to kill—Romulus and Remus—overthrew him. Who was this antagonist in Roman legend?

A: Amulius

Q: This naval battle during the First Punic War in 260 BCE was Rome’s first major naval victory, achieved through the innovative use of the corvus. Led by Gaius Duilius, the Roman fleet defeated Carthage off the coast of Sicily. What was this battle?

A: The Battle of Mylae.

Q: Known as the “Second Founder of Rome,” this Roman general played a crucial role in recovering the city after the Gallic sack in 390 BCE. He is also credited with establishing the Camillian Reforms, which reorganized the Roman military. Who was this early Republic hero?

A: Marcus Furius Camillus.

Q: This event occurred in 123 BCE when this younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus was elected Tribune of the Plebs. He expanded upon his brother’s reforms, including subsidized grain distributions and colonization efforts. His death in 121 BCE marked the violent suppression of populist politics in Rome. Who was he?

A: Gaius Gracchus.

Q: This Italic tribe frequently clashed with the Roman Republic during the early and middle Republic period. Known for their guerrilla tactics and mountain warfare, they were key adversaries in the Samnite Wars. Who were they?

A: The Samnites.

Q: This conflict arose after the Roman ally city of Saguntum was besieged by Carthaginian forces under Hannibal in 219 BCE. It marked the beginning of a larger conflict that would see battles such as Cannae and Zama. What was this war, lasting from 218 to 201 BCE?

A: The Second Punic War.

Q: This mountain range in central Italy was the site of frequent battles between the Romans and the Aequi, a tribe that resisted Roman expansion during the early Republic. It was also where Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus achieved his legendary victory. What was this mountain range?

A: Mount Algidus.

Q: This Roman statesman exposed the Catilinarian Conspiracy in 63 BCE, thwarting a plot to overthrow the Republic. Known for his oratory skills, he delivered a series of speeches denouncing the conspirators. Who was this consul, famously beginning one speech with "Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra?"?

A: Cicero.

Q: Known for his suicide to avoid dishonor after his defeat at the Battle of Drepana, this Roman consul infamously ignored religious omens before the battle by throwing sacred chickens into the sea. Who was this Roman commander, whose failure marked a low point in the First Punic War?

A: Publius Claudius Pulcher.

Q: During this War (91–88 BCE), Rome faced a revolt from its Italian allies who demanded citizenship rights. These allies formed their own confederation and even established a capital at Corfinium. What was this war, named for its focus on Rome's relationships with its socii (allies)?

A: The Social War.

Q: This battle during the Pyrrhic War in 279 BCE was Pyrrhus's second costly victory against Rome. Although victorious, his heavy losses prompted him to remark, "Another such victory and we are undone." What was this battle?

A: The Battle of Asculum.

Q: Known as the “Delayer,” this Roman general avoided direct confrontation with Hannibal during the Second Punic War. Instead, he adopted a strategy of attrition, harassing Carthaginian forces without risking a pitched battle. Who was this master of Fabian tactics?

A: Quintus Fabius Maximus.

Q: This Roman general defeated Spartacus’s slave army in 71 BCE and crucified thousands of survivors along the Appian Way. Later, he joined the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Pompey. Who was this wealthy and powerful figure?

A: Marcus Licinius Crassus.

Q: This battle, fought in 168 BCE during the Third Macedonian War, ended with a decisive Roman victory over the forces of King Perseus of Macedon. It marked the end of Macedonian independence and the establishment of Roman hegemony in Greece. What was this battle?

A: The Battle of Pydna.

Q: This temple, dedicated to the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, was constructed under the early kings of Rome, including Tarquinius Priscus and Tarquinius Superbus. What was this monumental structure, symbolizing Roman religious devotion and power?

A: The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

Q: Known for his cautious leadership, this Roman consul famously opposed direct engagement with Pyrrhus and Hannibal. Despite criticism, his strategies ultimately helped preserve Roman forces for future victories. Who was this figure, earning the epithet “The Shield of Rome”?

A: Appius Claudius Caecus.

Q: This Roman politician and general was instrumental in Rome’s victory in the Third Punic War. He oversaw the final siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 BCE, earning the title Africanus Minor. Who was this adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus?

A: Scipio Aemilianus.

Q: During the reign of Augustus, this altar was constructed to celebrate peace throughout the Roman Empire. Decorated with intricate reliefs depicting mythological and historical scenes, it remains one of the finest examples of Augustan art. What is this structure?

A: The Ara Pacis.

Q: Following the death of his adoptive father Julius Caesar, this Roman leader allied with Mark Antony and Lepidus in the Second Triumvirate. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, he became the first emperor of Rome. Who was this ruler, originally named Gaius Octavius?

A: Augustus (Octavian).

Q: This early Roman heroine was the daughter of a Roman centurion and became a symbol of virtue and defiance. When Appius Claudius attempted to claim her as a slave, her father killed her to preserve her honor, inciting the overthrow of the Decemvirs. Who was this tragic figure of Roman legend?

A: Verginia.

Q: In 451 BCE, a commission of ten men was appointed to codify Roman law into what became the Twelve Tables. However, their leader became infamous for his abuse of power and lust for Verginia, leading to the fall of the Decemvirate. Who was this Roman official?

A: Appius Claudius Crassus (Appius Claudius Decemvir).

Q: This Roman general is celebrated for his victory at the Battle of Mylae in 260 BCE during the First Punic War. Using the innovative corvus boarding device, he turned naval battles into infantry engagements. Who was this consul, responsible for Rome’s first naval triumph?

A: Gaius Duilius.

Q: This city in northern Africa was founded by Phoenicians and became Rome’s greatest rival during the Punic Wars. Ultimately destroyed in 146 BCE, its territory became the Roman province of Africa. What was this ancient city?

A: Carthage.

Q: During the Second Punic War, Hannibal decisively defeated a Roman army led by Gaius Flaminius by ambushing them on the shores of a lake, using the terrain to his advantage. What was this 217 BCE battle?

A: The Battle of Lake Trasimene.

Q: This mountain range was crossed by Hannibal during his daring invasion of Italy. Despite losing many soldiers and elephants, his crossing became one of the most legendary feats of military history. What was this mountain range?

A: The Alps.

Q: This law, passed in 287 BCE, granted resolutions of the plebeian assembly the force of law, binding upon all citizens. It marked a major step in the Struggle of the Orders. What was this legislation?

A: The Lex Hortensia.

Q: This Roman consul and military commander defeated the forces of Antiochus III at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE, ending the Seleucid threat to Roman influence in Greece. Who was this general?

A: Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus.

Q: This Roman naval victory in 241 BCE ended the First Punic War and secured Roman control of Sicily. Fought off the western coast of Sicily, it was decisive in establishing Rome as a naval power. What was this battle?

A: The Battle of the Aegates Islands.

Q: This Gallic chieftain led his tribe to a victory against the Romans at the Allia River in 390 BCE. After sacking Rome, he famously declared “Vae victis” ("Woe to the conquered") when demanding a ransom. Who was this leader?

A: Brennus.

Q: In 73 BCE, this Thracian gladiator led a massive slave revolt against Rome, defeating several legions before being defeated by Crassus. His rebellion highlighted the growing reliance on and mistreatment of slaves in Roman society. Who was this leader?

A: Spartacus.

Q: This was a formal agreement between Rome and its Italian allies, which initially offered limited rights and obligations to the allies. However, disputes over the terms led to the Social War. What was this system of relationships called?

A: The Roman socii system (or Roman alliance system).

Q: This Numidian king, a contemporary of the Gracchi brothers, allied with Rome during the Punic Wars and provided critical support against Carthage. Who was this ally of Scipio Africanus?

A: Masinissa.

Q: Known as the “sword of Rome,” this general won numerous victories in the Samnite Wars and against the Carthaginians. His innovative siege tactics earned him the title of “The Sword of Rome”. Who was this military leader?

A: Marcus Claudius Marcellus.

Q: This tribe from the central Italian mountains fought against the Romans in the Samnite Wars. Famous for their guerrilla tactics, they repeatedly ambushed Roman armies in narrow mountain passes. After their defeat, their territories were absorbed into the Roman Republic. Who were they?

A: The Samnites.

Q: This Roman general led his forces during the Second Punic War, achieving a major victory over the Carthaginians at the Battle of Zama in 202 BCE. By defeating Hannibal, he ended the war and secured Rome's dominance in the western Mediterranean. Who was this general?

A: Scipio Africanus.

Q: During the First Punic War, this Roman general famously led a fleet in the Battle of Mylae in 260 BCE. His use of the corvus boarding device marked the first successful Roman naval tactic. Who was this general?

A: Gaius Duilius.

Q: This Roman political figure was a staunch opponent of Julius Caesar and fought against him during Caesar’s civil war. Despite his initial successes, his forces were defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, and he was later killed in Egypt. Who was this leader, once a member of the First Triumvirate?

A: Pompey the Great.

Q: In 82 BCE, this general marched on Rome and seized control, declaring himself dictator. His reign was marked by proscriptions, where many political opponents were executed. Who was this dictator who oversaw major political reforms?

A: Sulla.

Q: This early Roman structure was the primary drainage system of ancient Rome, one of the greatest engineering feats of the early Republic. It was built to drain water from the city, helping to maintain public health and sanitation. What was this system called?

A: The Cloaca Maxima.

Q: This early Roman structure was the primary drainage system of ancient Rome, one of the greatest engineering feats of the early Republic. It was built to drain water from the city, helping to maintain public health and sanitation. What was this system called?

A: The Cloaca Maxima.

Q: During the Social War, this Italian ally city of Rome was the site of a major battle where Roman forces decisively defeated the rebellious Italian allies. This victory helped consolidate Roman control over its new citizens. What was this battle?

A: The Battle of Asculum.

Q: This famous Roman general and statesman helped defeat the Carthaginian general Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BCE. He was later adopted by the family of Scipio Africanus and became a prominent leader of Rome. Who was he?

A: Scipio Aemilianus.

Q: This Roman law, passed in 367 BCE, allowed plebeians to hold the consulship for the first time. It was part of the wider struggle for political power between the plebeians and patricians during the early Republic. What law enabled this?

A: The Licinian-Sextian Law.

Q: This series of military campaigns between Rome and the Samnites, fought between 343 and 290 BCE, led to Roman dominance over much of central and southern Italy. The Roman victory in the final conflict solidified their control over the region. What wars were these?

A: The Samnite Wars.

Q: In 146 BCE, Rome destroyed this city after a prolonged siege during the Third Punic War. The city was burned to the ground, and its inhabitants were either killed or enslaved. What city, a former Carthaginian stronghold, was destroyed in this battle?

A: Carthage.

Q: This law passed during the early Republic granted legal protection to plebeians from arbitrary actions by the patrician class. It was part of a broader series of reforms to give the plebeians more power in Roman society. What was this law called?

A: The Lex Sacrata.

Q: This battle in 207 BCE marked a turning point in the Second Punic War. Roman forces intercepted and defeated Hasdrubal Barca, preventing him from joining Hannibal in Italy. Hasdrubal was killed in the battle. What was this decisive engagement?

A: The Battle of the Metaurus River.

Q: According to legend, this Roman maiden betrayed the city to the Sabines in exchange for what they wore on their left arms, believing it to be gold. Instead, she was crushed to death by their shields. Who was this figure of Roman treachery?

A: Tarpeia.

Q: This law, passed in 287 BCE, ended the Struggle of the Orders by granting plebiscites, or laws passed by the Plebeian Council, the force of law for all Roman citizens. What was this significant reform?

A: The Lex Hortensia.

Q: This ancient Italic tribe was a frequent adversary of Rome during the early Republic. They allied with other tribes such as the Volsci and Samnites to resist Roman expansion. Who were they?

A: The Aequi.

Q: This Roman victory in 168 BCE over King Perseus of Macedon ended the Third Macedonian War and brought Greece under Roman influence. It also marked the effective end of the Macedonian monarchy. What was this battle?

A: The Battle of Pydna.

Q: In Roman mythology, this shepherd discovered the abandoned twins Romulus and Remus and raised them with his wife. Who was this foster father of the legendary founders of Rome?

A: Faustulus.

Q: This city in Apulia was the site of a major Roman defeat during the Pyrrhic War in 279 BCE. Pyrrhus won the battle but at a cost so great that it led to the term "Pyrrhic victory." What was this battle?

A: The Battle of Asculum.

Q: This legendary Etruscan king laid siege to Rome after the overthrow of the monarchy but ultimately failed to capture the city. His generosity in returning hostages to the Romans earned him a place in early Roman lore. Who was this king?

A: Lars Porsenna.

Q: This Roman general and consul achieved great fame during the First Punic War for his victories at the naval battles of Mylae and Ecnomus. Who was this early naval commander?

A: Gaius Duilius.

Q: This Roman priestly college interpreted the will of the gods by observing the flight of birds. Their role was crucial in ensuring that military campaigns and major decisions had divine approval. What were these priests called?

A: Augurs.

Q: This Roman engineering achievement, built in 312 BCE, was the first major aqueduct in Rome, providing fresh water to the city. It was constructed under the direction of Appius Claudius Caecus. What was this aqueduct called?

A: The Aqua Appia.

Q: This famous Roman dictator’s rapid response to a military crisis is legendary. Called from his farm, he defeated the Aequi at Mount Algidus in 458 BCE and immediately relinquished power, embodying Roman virtues of duty and humility. Who was he?

A: Cincinnatus.

Q: This city, allied with Rome, was besieged by Hannibal in 219 BCE, sparking the Second Punic War. Its capture violated treaties between Rome and Carthage, escalating tensions into full-scale war. What was this city?

A: Saguntum.

Q: This Roman political office was sacrosanct and allowed its holders to veto the decisions of magistrates and the Senate. Created in 494 BCE, it was a key institution in protecting plebeian rights. What was this office?

A: Tribune of the Plebs.

Q: This legendary Roman figure, blinded in one eye, single-handedly defended the Pons Sublicius bridge against the invading forces of Lars Porsenna. His bravery allowed the Romans to destroy the bridge and prevent the enemy from entering the city. Who was he?

A: Horatius Cocles.

Q: In 241 BCE, this naval battle concluded the First Punic War. The Romans, under Gaius Lutatius Catulus, defeated the Carthaginian fleet off the coast of Sicily, forcing Carthage to sue for peace. What was this decisive battle?

A: The Battle of the Aegates Islands.

Q: This Roman law, passed in 367 BCE, addressed the inequality between patricians and plebeians by granting plebeians access to the consulship. It also limited the amount of public land an individual could hold. What was this reform called?

A: The Licinian-Sextian Law.

Q: Known as a Numidian ally of Rome, this king provided crucial cavalry support during the Battle of Zama, helping Scipio Africanus secure victory over Hannibal. Who was this ruler?

A: Masinissa.

Q: This temple, located on the Capitoline Hill, was dedicated to the Roman god Jupiter, along with Juno and Minerva. It symbolized Rome's dominance and religious devotion. Built during the monarchy, what was this temple called?

A: The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

Q: This battle in 312 BCE marked a turning point in the Second Samnite War. Roman forces, led by Lucius Papirius Cursor, achieved a decisive victory, solidifying Rome’s dominance in central Italy. What was this battle?

A: The Battle of Bovianum.