ANSC 1401 LAB Final Exam

stunning

what is the first step in the harvest process?

to decrease contamination

what is the reason for tying off both ends of the gastrointestinal tract?

fisting

what step is unique to lamb and goat harvest?

Fecal, Milk, Ingesta

what does the acronym FMI stand for?

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

what is the regulating agency which oversees the process of harvesting animals here at Texas Tech University and at other processing plants in the United States?

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates follicular growth and recruitment

luteinizing hormone (LH)

causes the follicle to mature and ovulation

gonadtropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

causes a surge of LH and can treat cystic ovaries

estrogen

causes estrus, development of female sex characteristics and reproductive tract, and uterine contractions

progesterone

maintains pregnancy, inhibits uterine contractions, and inhibits estrus

testosterone

regulates spermatocytogenesis, influences male sexual behavior, and develops secondary sex characteristics

oxytocin

milk let down and smooth muscle contractions

oviduct

oviducts

(fallopian or uterine tubes) paired structure that connect the ovaries and the uterus; transport ova and sperm

vagina

copulatory organ and birth canal; site of sperm deposition in cow, ewe & doe; contains many mucosal glands (lubrication), made of highly elastic muscle and connective tissue

broad ligament

uterus

uterus

site of placental attachment; produces hormones

vulva

vestibule

common pathway of reproductive and urinary tract; terminal portion of the vagina, site of the urethral opening

uterine horn

cervix

cervix

separates the vagina from the uterus; site of semen deposition in the mare and sow; functions: prevents contamination of the uterus, serves as a sperm reservoir and produces cervical mucous

bicornate uterus

2 horns, no body, 1 cervix, 1 vagina (cattle, sheep, goats, swine, dogs)

bipartite uterus

2 horns, 1 body, 1 cervix, 1 vagina (horses)

ovary

ovaries

primary sex organs in the female, produces female gametes, produces hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

corpus luteum

structure formed after follicle ruptures at ovulation; produces progesterone

clitoris

erectile tissue located just inside the vulva; contains sensory nerves and increases sexual excitement in the female during copulation

fimbria

finger-like projections that catch the oocyte

infundibulum

funnel portion connected to the fimbria

AI junction

where is the site of fertilization?

estrogen

(ovary, follicle, placenta)
estrus, uterine contractions, secondary sex characteristics; growth of female reproductive tract, induction of behavioral estrus, induction of uterine contractions; promotes growth in domestic animals

progesterone

(ovary, corpus luteum, placenta)
maintenance of pregnancy; inhibits uterine contractions, inhibition of estrus, secondary sex characteristics, growth of female reproductive tract; stimulates endometrial secretion

FSH

female:
(anterior pituitary) stimulates follicle growth; stimulates estrogen production (in conjunction with LH)

LH

female:
(anterior pituitary) maturation of follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum (CL) formation; progesterone production

FSH

male:
(anterior pituitary) stimulates formations of immature sperm to mature sperm

LH

male:
(anterior pituitary) testosterone production

testosterone

(testis) formation of immature sperm; male sexual behavior, secondary sex characteristics; maintains accessory sex organs

oxytocin

(hypothalamus) stimulates uterine contractions during sperm and egg transport and parturition; induces milk let-down, expulsion of retained placenta; aids delivery of young when labor is extended

muscling (REA), fat thickness, carcass weight, KPH

what factors go into calculating yield grades in cattle?

genetics

what is the most important factor which determines marbling?

live weight x 1.1

what is the method to calculate a benchmark Ribeye Area for cattle?

live weight x 0.02

what is the method to calculate a benchmark Ribeye Area for sheep?

BF x 10 + .4

what is the yield grade formula for sheep?

2, 3

which two yield grades do most of the cattle harvested fall into?

left atrium

what is the chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

what is not a function of the liver in all species?
A. stores bile
B. none of the above
C. produces bile
D. produces enzymes
E. filters toxins

lungs

what does the right ventricle pump blood directly to?

valves

what structures prevent back flow in the heart?

left ventricle

which chamber of the heart has to use more pressure to pump blood? (which side has to work harder)

maillard reaction

what is the chemical reaction called that creates the "meaty" flavor in meat products?

non-enzymatic browning reaction

what is another name for the maillard reaction?

grain fed beef

in the United States, what is the preferred meat flavor?

heat

what causes meat to develop its cooked flavor?

true

true or false:
breed of cattle has an impact on meat flavor

false

true or false:
there are 6 basic tastes

cellulose

what is the most abundant organic molecule on the planet?

mouth

where does digestion begin?

make the feed cheaper

what is NOT a reason to further process feed stuffs?

horses

who utilizes in post-gastric fermentation in order to digest higher fiber feed stuffs?

false

true or false:
mastication is an example of chemical digestion

ruminants and non-ruminants

who contains one true stomach?

non-ruminant

who would consume a diet consisting strictly of meat?

true

true or false:
the cecum is larger and more complex in omnivores compared to carnivores

cattle

who utilizes in pre-gastric fermentation in order to digest higher fiber feed stuffs?

no!

can ruminants and non-ruminants digest cellulose? can humans?

non-ruminants

monogastric/one-stomach (simple stomach)

ruminants

complex stomach (multiple compartments)

digestion

a process, in which large insoluble molecules are broken down into simpler compounds; preparing food for absorption

absorption

the passage of the digested nutrients through the mucous membrane into the blood stream

mechanical, chemical and microbial

what are the 3 types of digestion process?

mechanical

digestion process:
mastication, muscular contraction of GIT; digestion in the mouth

chemical

digestion process:
enzymatic digestion, stomach HCl and bile acids; digestion in the stomach

microbial

digestion process:
bacteria and protozoa

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

small intestine

site of final stages of chemical enzymatic digestion; where almost all nutrients are absorbed

duodenum

section of the small intestine:
major site on nutrient digestion; regulates the rate of stomach emptying via hormonal pathway (pancreatic juice, bile, intestinal enzymes)

jejunum

section of the small intestine:
main site for nutrient absorption; amino acids, short peptides, fatty acids, sugars (monosaccharides), etc

ileum

section of small intestine:
absorption (B12, bile salts, and nutrients)

pancreas

an important organ because of its many digestive and regulatory secretions

exocrine function

neutralize acids (bicarbonate), break down macromolecules (enzymes)

bile salts

produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, emulsify fats; aid in fat digestion and absorption

cecum (appendix)

section of large intestine:
bacterial fermentation of high fiber ingredients (especially in monogastric herbivores); some B-vitamin and vitamin K synthesis, last point of digestion

ileocecal valve

junction of small intestine and large intestine

colon

section of large intestine:
water absorption

rectum

section of large intestine:
formation and storage of feces

anus

section of large intestine:
sphincter that controls the release of waste from the body

ruminants

animals that regurgitate ingesta and remasticate their feed (rumination); a four compartment stomach; cud-chewing, even toed, hooved animals (naturally consume grasses, forbs, and/or browse)

reticulum

functions:
(honeycomb)
-plays a crucial role in stomach contractions
-responsible for regurgitation and eructation
-catches foreign heavy objects
-controls digesta passing to the omasum

rumen

what is the reticulum connected to? (Hardware Disease)

rumen (paunch)

what is the largest stomach compartment of ruminants?
-storage and soaking
-rumination and microbial fermentation

rumination

process of bringing feed from the rumen back up to the mouth to be re-chewed
4 step process: regurgitation, remastication, resalvation, reswallowing

omasum

function: absorbs water, helps with grinding feed particles (many piles)

abomasum

(true stomach)
function: digest feed fractions not fermented in the rumen, digest bacterial cell proteins produced in the rumen; very similar to the stomach of monogastric animals

maintenance, growth, reproduction and production/work

what functions do animals require nutrients for?

nutrient

any food component that aids in the support of life (available via microbial digestion)

water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins

what are the 6 nutrients?

feeds/feedstuffs

any material included in a diet or ration because of its nutritional properties
ex: cereal grains, by-product feeds, forages and roughages, protein feeds, mineral and vitamin supplements, feed additives

roughage

-any feed ingredient with less/equal than 20% crude fiber
-low level of nutrient density
-typically low in dry matter digestibility
-bulky feeds, high in fiber and low in energy relative to concentrates