circulatory system

What system is responsible for circulating and transporting nutrients, O2, CO2, hormones, and red blood cells throughout the body?

circulatory system

What is the path of blood flow from the heart to tissues?

aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries

What is the path of blood flow from tissues back to the heart?

capillaries -> venules -> veins -> vena cava

What is the path of blood through the heart starting at the vena cava?

vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid (mitral) valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> body

pulmonary semilunar valve

heart to lungs

pulmonary trunk

heart to lungs

left atrium

top left chamber of heart

right atrium

top right chamber of heart

left ventricle

bottom left chamber of heart

right ventricle

bottom right chamber of heart

aorta

main artery from heart to body

superior vena cava

vein returning blood from upper body

inferior vena cava

vein returning blood from lower body

pulmonary veins

lungs to left atrium

pulmonary arteries

right ventricle to lungs

aortic semilunar valve

left ventricle to aorta

bicuspid (mitral) valve

left atrium to left ventricle

tricuspid valve

right atrium to right ventricle

septum

wall between left and right sides of heart

apex

bottom point of the heart

What type of system is the human circulatory system?

closed system

What are the three types of blood vessels?

arteries, veins, capillaries

What are the three main parts of the circulatory system?

heart, blood vessels, blood

What is pulmonary circulation?

movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back

What is systemic circulation?

movement of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back

What side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood?

left side

What side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood?

right side

What type of blood do veins usually carry?

deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins)

What type of blood do arteries usually carry?

oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries)

What type of circulation do coronary arteries supply?

coronary circulation (blood supply to the heart muscle itself)

What causes the "lub" and "dub" sounds of the heart?

"lub" from AV valves closing, "dub" from semilunar valves closing

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall and why?

left ventricle, because it pumps blood to the entire body

What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)

What initiates the heartbeat and is known as the natural pacemaker?

sinoatrial (SA) node

What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

delays the impulse to allow atria to empty before ventricles contract

What is blood pressure?

the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels

What are the two measurements of blood pressure?

systolic (during contraction) and diastolic (during relaxation)

What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?

sphygmomanometer

What are the smallest blood vessels where exchange occurs?

capillaries

Which blood vessels have valves to prevent backflow?

veins

Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls?

arteries

What component of blood carries oxygen?

red blood cells (hemoglobin)

What component of blood fights infection?

white blood cells

What component of blood helps with clotting?

platelets

What is the liquid portion of blood?

plasma

What is anemia?

a condition with reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to low hemoglobin or red blood cells

What is hypertension?

high blood pressure

What is atherosclerosis?

buildup of plaque in arteries

What is a heart attack (myocardial infarction)?

blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle

What is a stroke?

blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain

What is the largest artery in the body?

aorta

What is the largest vein in the body?

inferior vena cava

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal vein?

carries nutrient-rich blood from intestines to liver

esophagus

throat to stomach

liver

upper right abdomen

stomach

upper left abdomen

pancreas

behind stomach

gallbladder

under liver

duodenum

first part of small intestine

jejunum

middle part of small intestine

ileum

last part of small intestine

transverse colon

middle section of large intestine

ascending colon

right side of large intestine

descending colon

left side of large intestine

cecum

beginning of large intestine

sigmoid colon

S-shaped end of large intestine

appendix

offshoot of cecum

rectum

end of large intestine

anal canal

final passage before anus

anus

exit of digestive system

Mouth

entry point of digestive system

tongue

oral cavity

What does intracellular digestion mean?

digestion within the cell

What does extracellular digestion mean?

digestion outside the cells

What is the monomer for proteins?

amino acids

What is the monomer for fats?

fatty acids

What is the monomer for nucleic acid?

nucleotides

All digestive enzymes cleave bonds.

specific

What creates a bolus which is swallowed, and also increases the surface area of food, thus exposing it to more enzymes?

chewing

Of what does gastric juice consist?

digestive enzymes and HCl

What is the function of the secreted mucous in the stomach?

lubricates and protects stomach's epithelial lining from acid environment

A full stomach's pH is what?

2

What is the function of the rugae?

increase surface area of the stomach lumen

Where in the digestive system is water and salts reabsorbed to form feces?

large intestine (colon)

Where is feces excreted through?

the anus

What does malfunction of the large intestine often lead to?

diarrhea

The liver holds so much blood (~13% at any given time) that it can be classified as what for blood?

a blood storage organ