Computer Science Exam 2

Artificial science

The term used to distinguish computer science from other sciences that are more natural and earthly

what are the three main divisions in computer science

software, hardware, and theory

what is theory in computer science 

the study of the capabilities and limitations of computers 

what is a turing machine

a simple computational machine with paper tape

what is hardware in computer science 

the physical study of computer, those who study it look at how they can be better. 

what are systems software

the programs that directly control the executions of computers

what is developmental software

the programs like Microsoft that can add on tools and develop other applications

what is applications software

the “other” of programs, anything outside of typical software

Dynamic Pages

Web pages that behavior changes every time they are loaded as event occur

Static pages

Web pages where the content doe not change, it does not provide capabilities for specifying dynamic behavior

Identifier

A name given to an element so that it can be a subject of an action. Added to an HTML element using the ID attribute

Event handler

An attribute that defines how an element should react to some event like a click

Java Script Statement

The final piece needed for an element action: ID.ATTRIBUTE=NEW_VALUE;

Who was Thales and what did he do

He was the first guy to use hypothesis and theory to describe natural phenomena

What is "pre-scientific"

Greek natural philosophy that was used to explain natural phenomena

Who is the father of modern science

Galileo

Observe

Watch a phenomenon

Hypothesize

Guess why it behaves how it behaves

design

Design an experiment to test the hypothesis

Experiment

Test or experiment to either confirm or refute hypothesis

analyze

Analyze the results of the experiment

Revise

Tweak hypothesis to reflect analyzations of the experiments

What is consistency

A measure of how reproducible a result is. For a scientific work to be accepted, it must be reproducible.

What is accuracy

A measure or how close an experimental result is to the correct or expected result

What is computational-thinking

An approach to problem-solving that involves expressing problems and their solutions in ways that a computer can execute.

What are the four high-level characteristics of computational thinking

Decomposition, patter-recognition, abstraction, and algorithms

What is decomposition

Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable problems

What is pattern recognition

Recognizing how solutions to similar problems can be adapted to solve new ones

What is abstraction

Ignoring irrelevant details and focusing on those features that lead to a solution

What are algorithms

Representing the solution as a step-by-step sequence of instructions

Programming

the process of designing and implementing algorithms that a computer can carry out

Machine languages

Patterns of 1’s and 0’s that compile together to make a computer

Assembly languages

Languages created to allow programers to specify instructions using words rather than just number sequences

assembler

A separate program requires to translate assembly instructions into the corresponding binary machine language instructions

What did assemblers do to programming

Made it a two step process, 1: write the program and 2: translate the program into machine language

High-level languages

Languages like JavaScript or C++ that include abstractions to provide more natural frameworks to solve problem

Program translation

Approaches like interpretation and compilation that are required to understand high-level programming languages in order to execute them

Interpretation

Relies on the interpreter to translate, it reads the programs statement one at a time and translates before moving to the next

Compilation

A program translation that uses a compiler to translate entire high-level programs into machine language

Data Type

A general category in which each unit of information belongs to that defines the ways in which the information can be handles

Strings

Text values in JavaScript

Numbers and Booleans

true/false values in Java

Operators

Part of the JavaScript language and may be used by programmers to manipulate values of that type

What are the subdivisions of computer science

Algorithms, architecture, software engineering, artificial intelligence

Algorithms as a subdivision

Developing, analyzing, and implementing algorithms for solving problems

What is encryption

Encoding a message

What is substitution cipher

The caesar algorithm that can encode a message

Architecture as a subdiscipline

Concerned with the methods of organizing hardware components into efficient reliable systems

Parallel processing

When a program processes twitch at the same time

Software engineering as a subdiscipline

Concerned with creating effective software systems

Agile development

The dominant approach to software development

Scrum

A popular framework which formalizes each phrase into structure, its a 2-4 week process called a sprint

Open source movement

An important trend of software development that is an approach to developing and testing software

Artificial intelligence

An aim of computer design to make it more human

Expert system

Programs that encapsulate the knowledge and reasoning of experts in that domain

Machine learning

An approach to AI development that focuses on training the software to learn and improve its behavior

Neural network

A model that mimics the way a human brain is configured

Artificial neuron

Can have multiple inputs, a single output and a function that maps the output to an input

Code of ethics and professional conduct

CEFC: a code that outlines computer professionals responsibilities to ensure that hardware and software are used correctly