VBSC Lecture Exam 3

Urinary, Reproductive, and Cardiovascular Systems

waste excretion, conserve water/electrolytes, Ca homeostasis, red blood cells production

What are the four functions of the urinary system?

renal cortex

What does A label?

renal capsule

What does B label?

ureter

What does C label?

Hilus

What does D label?

renal pelvis

What does E label?

renal medulla

What does F label?

mesoderm

What embryonic stage does the urinary system develop from?

nephric ridge

What embryonic stage of the urinary system develops from the mesoderm?

nephrotome

What embryonic stage of the urinary system develops from the nephric ridge?

nephrocoel

What embryonic stage of the urinary system develops from the nephrotome?

nephric tubule

What embryonic stage of the urinary system develops from the nephrocoel?

pronephros

anterior part of the nephric ridge during embryonic development of the urinary system

mesonephros

middle part of the nephric ridge during embryonic development of the urinary system

metanephros

posterior part of the nephric ridge during embryonic development of the urinary system

opisthonephros

part of the nephric ridge made up of the mesopephros (middle) and metanephros (posterior)

pronephros

transient (short lasting) structure in all vertebrate embryos

cloaca

the pronephric duct/tubules grow distally to the _______

glomeruli (of kidneys)

What is the function of the pronephros in lower vertebrates?

none

What is the function of the pronephros in higher vertebrates?

mesonephros

The ___________ fused with the pronephric duct during the development of the urinary tract

none

What is the function of the mesonephros in adult vertebrates?

part of opisthonephros

What is the function of the mesonephros in adult fish and amphibians?

part of opisthonephros

What is the function of the metanephros?

ureter

What does the metanephric duct become?

ureteric diverticulum

Part of metanephros that stimulates tubule formation

opisthonephros

What part of the neprhic ridge does the kidney develop from in lampreys?

opisthonephros

What part of the neprhic ridge does the kidney develop from in MOST adult fish?

pronephros

What part of the neprhic ridge does the kidney develop from in SOME adult fish?

pronephros

What part of the neprhic ridge does the kidney develop from in larval amphibians?

opisthonephros

What part of the neprhic ridge does the kidney develop from in adult amphibians?

opisthonephros

What part of the neprhic ridge also carries sperm in amphibians?

mesonephros

What part of the neprhic ridge does the kidney develop from in embryonic amniotes?

metanephros

What part of the neprhic ridge does the kidney develop from in adult amniotes?

metanephros

The ___________ forms well differentiated tubules in adult amniotes

glomerulus

Main filtration unit of kidney

glomerulus

What structure is shown?

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney

proximal loop, intermediate loop of Henle, distal loop

What are the three sections of the nephron?

uriniferous tubule

Composed of the nephron and collecting duct

cortex

What does A label?

medulla

What does B label?

medullary papillae

What does C label?

renal pelvis

What does D label?

cortex

The proximal loop of the nephron extends into what layer of the kidney?

medulla

The intermediate Loop of Henle of the nephron extends into what layer of the kidney?

cortex

The distal loop of the nephron extends into what layer of the kidney?

proximal loop

What does A label?

distal loop

What does B label?

glomerulus

What does C label?

bowman’s space

What does D label?

bowman’s capsule

What does E label?

vascular pole

What does F label?

kidney

What organ is shown?

nephron

Waste filtered out of the blood from the glomerulus goes to what?

collecting duct

After moving from the nephron, urine goes to the ___________

renal pelvis

After moving through the collecting duct, urine goes to the ___________

ureter

After moving through the renal pelvis, urine goes to the __________

urinary bladder

From the ureter, urine travels to the ____________

urethra

From the urinary bladder, urine travels through the __________ to the exterior of the body

water availability

Kidney nephrons vary by species depending upon _____________

loop length

_____________ of the kidney nephrons determines urine concentration

avian

What species has a cone-shaped medulla?

ammonia (NH3)

Protein metabolism leads to the formation of __________

excreted, sequestered, converted

What are the three ways animals have evolved to deal with ammonia buildup?

ammonetelic

Fish are _______________ meaning they excrete ammonia waste through their gills and epithelium

uricotelic

Birds and reptiles are __________ meaning they convert ammonia waste to uric acid

uric acid

Birds and reptile convert ammonia to what?

ureotelic

Mammals are ___________ meaning they convert ammonia waste to urea

urea

Mammals convert ammonia to what?

uricotelism

_______________ (method of dealing with ammonia) is beneficial for water conservation

ammonotelism

____________ (method of dealing with ammonia) requires a lot of water for excretion

ureotelism

_____________ (method of dealing with ammonia) requires a medium amount of water (less than straight ammonia, more than uric acid)

osmoregulation

Function of the urinary system which intends to avoid dehydration my either conserving or expelling water

excrete

Freshwater fish constantly ________ water to maintain their optimal sodium concentration

conserve

Saltwater fish must _________ water to maintain their optimal sodium concentration

osmoregulators

fish that must eliminate or conserve water in order to maintain their sodium concentration

osmoconformers

fish in an isotonic environment which don’t have to conserve or expel water to maintain their sodium concentration

conserve

Terrestrial vertebrates must __________ water by resorbing it from the kidney filtrate

filtration kidney

type of kidney which resorbs water from the filtrate

aglomerular kidney

type of kidney which has a small filtrate and lacks a glomerulus

reduced nephron

What is unique about osmoconforming fish?

filtration

What type of kidney do terrestrial vertebrates have?

filtration

What type of kidney do freshwater fish have?

aglomerular

What type of kidney do saltwater fish have?

euryhaline

fish which are osmotically tolerant which allows them to migrate between fresh and salt water

stenohaline

fish which have a narrow osmotic range tolerance

sweat glands

Where is salt excreted in terrestrial vertebrates?

orbital gland

Where is salt excreted in birds?

nasal, orbital, sublingual, and lingual glands

Where is salt excreted in reptiles?

gills

Where is salt excreted in fish?

rectal gland

Where is salt excreted in elasmobranchs?

eccrine sweat gland

What does A label?

apocrine sweat gland

What does B label?

sweat gland

What does A label?

urinary bladder

site of urine collection/storage

cloaca

In tetrapods, the urinary bladder is an outpocket of the _________

fish

the urinary bladder of the _____ is non-cloacal and found at the end of the urinary duct

absent

The urinary bladder is _________ in lizards, snakes, crocs, and birds