Chapter 2: Different Ways of Learning Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, theories, and laws regarding learning mindsets, multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence, gender research, and special education from Chapter 2.

Fixed Mindset

A perspective defined by Carol Dweck viewing intelligence as ability-focused, finite, and predetermined at birth.

Growth Mindset

A perspective defined by Carol Dweck suggesting that intelligence can be developed throughout life through effort.

Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory identifying eight distinct human capacities to solve problems or fashion products valued in cultural settings.

Five Minds for the Future

Howard Gardner's proposed five ways of knowing needed in the twenty-first century: the creating, ethical, respectful, disciplined, and synthesizing minds.

Information Literacy

According to the American Library Association, a set of abilities requiring individuals to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively.

Media Literacy

Helping students become competent, critical, and literate in all media forms so they control the interpretation of what they see or hear.

Confirmation Bias

The desire or tendency for individuals to seek out information that confirms what they already believe.

Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ)

A type of social intelligence involving the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, discriminate among them, and use the information to guide thinking and actions.

Social and Emotional Learning (SEL)

The process through which children and adults understand and manage emotions, set positive goals, show empathy for others, maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions.

Metacognition

A student's awareness of their own learning processes and ability to monitor their own understanding.

Transfer

The ability to apply knowledge, skills, and conceptual frameworks learned in one context to new contexts and problems.

Grit

A concept defined by Angela Duckworth and colleagues as perseverance and passion for long-term goals.

Neuroplasticity

The capacity of the brain to physically change itself, adapt, and build new neural pathways through experience and practice.

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Janet Hyde's research conclusion stating that greater educational and psychological differences exist within genders than between genders.

Exceptional Learners

Students who require special educational strategies, including those with learning, physical, developmental, and emotional disabilities, as well as gifted and talented students.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Federal legislation originally passed in 1975 as Public Law 94-142 that guarantees children with disabilities access to a free and appropriate public education.

Zero Reject

A fundamental provision under IDEA asserting that every child with special needs must receive a free, appropriate public education (FAPE).

Nondiscriminatory Education

A provision of IDEA based on due process rights requiring that children with disabilities be fairly assessed and protected from biased classification or tracking.

Least-Restrictive Environment

A mandate under IDEA protecting children with disabilities from being inappropriately segregated and requiring education in settings that closely resemble regular school environments.

Mainstreaming

The practice of placing students with special needs in regular classroom settings for at least part of the school day.

Inclusion

A strong commitment to educate each student with exceptionalities in the least-restrictive environment and regular classroom to the maximum degree possible.

Procedural Due Process

A principle under IDEA upholding the right of students with disabilities and their parents to be notified, examine records, and challenge school decisions before an impartial tribunal.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

An annually reviewed written educational plan required by IDEA that details a child's current performance, goals, services, and evaluation methods.

Regular Education Initiative

A movement encouraging schools to provide special education services directly within the regular classroom through close collaboration between classroom and special education teachers.

Accelerated Programs

Educational offerings allowing gifted students to skip grades or receive college credit early, including Advanced Placement courses and college partnerships.