History Yr9 At4

Beginning of slave trade in america year

1600

british convicts transported to north america (date)

1620-1776

agricultural revolution year

1650

industrial revolution year

1750

first fleet arrival date

26 january 1788

2nd fleet leaving date

june 1789

2nd fleet arrival date

june 1790

death of pemulwuy year

1802

british act banning slave trade year

1807

slavery banned in british empire year

1833

attack on 'aboriginals' at myall creek year

1838

end of convict transportation to nsw year

1840

california gold rush year

1848

australia gold rushes year

1851

eureka rebellion year

1854

america civil war year

1861-1865

13th amendment to the constitution

1865. Ends slavery in the US

last shipment of convicts in australia year

1868

australia federation year

1901

major changes during industrial revolution (3)

transport, manufacturing, power production

industrial revolution place

britain

Reasons Industrial Revolution began in Britain (5)

1. Cultural superiority 2. Science and invention 3. Freer political institutions 4. coal resources 5. high wages

british manufacturing before industrial revolution

small scale. cottage industry

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory

what caused england's population growth? (3)

agricultural revolution, industrial revolution, improvement of public health

how did the agricultural revolution spark population growth?

more reliable food supplies reduced famine + malnutrition

how did the industrial revolution spark population growth?

created jobs and better wages, attracting people to the city and supporting families

how did improvement of public health spark population growth?

cleaner water, better sanitation + medical developments (eg: vaccines)

main power sources before steam engine

from nature eg: wind and waterwheels. unreliable

when and why did inventors start using steam power

early 1700s - to create more reliable power sources

thomas newcomen steam engine

1712 - used to pump water out of deep coal mines. difficult to transport and inefficient

boulton and watt engines

used less coal to produce more power, required fewer repairs, consistent source of power

water frame

Richard Arkwright, 1769. Powered machine that could spin cotton thread by itself.

spinning jenny

james hargreaves. water frame on a larger scale

power loom

edmund cartwright, 1780s. could quickly mass produce cheap cloth

why was there increased need for transport during the industrial revolution?

to move clothing and coal products efficiently. dirt road systems were becoming outdated and inefficient

canals

artificial rivers linking natural rivers and major cities like london, manchester and birmingham

effect of mass migration to cities

overcrowding, many living in cramped, unsanitary conditions.

infant mortality rate in 1840s

60% of children died before 5 yrs old

main sanitation issues in cities (3)

1. lacked indoor plumbing 2. waste stored in cesspools 3. waste built up in streets

major london cholera epidemics (3)

1832, 1849, 1854

what measures did the government take to improve public health (2)

public sanitation systems, established central board of health

'Great Stink'

1858. River Thames smelled of human waste

window tax

taxed number of windows in a house, aimed at wealthier homeowners. resulted in avoiding windows in homes, leading to dark and poorly ventilated houses. repealing led to more windows and better ventilated housing

child labour

common. could be payed less and fit into small machines. started working at 4 years old. long hours under dangerous conditions

pauper apprentices

orphans or small children who were bound to factory owners until 21 in exchange for food and shelter

dark satanic mills

Miserable working conditions in Britain

triangular slave trade

A trade route between Europe, Africa and the Americas that brought European manufactured goods to Africa, took slaves from Africa to the Americas to develop raw materials then brought these raw materials to Europe to be developed into goods.

first leg of slave trade

ships carrying European goods to Africa

middle passage of slave trade

brought African slaves to America to be sold

third leg of slave trade

carried American products to Europe (rum, tobacco, textiles and manufactured goods)

how many africans were taken as slaves

by the end of the 18th century, 12 million africans were taken to the American colonies as slaves

when was slave trade abolished

1833 in Britain, 1863 in US

beginnings of slave trade

shortage of labour in Americas. Europeans needed workers on plantations. First used native Americans, but European diseases killed millions

what were Europeans looking for in Africa? (3)

trade goods, territory, human cargo

how were Africans captured for slave trade? (2)

exchanged for goods or kidnapped in raids

increase of crime

crime increased in 18th century Britain due to poverty leading many to steal for survival, causing overcrowded jails

hulks

disused warships anchored in the Thames as prisons. 1/3 of prisoners died due to horrible conditions

how did british address overcrowded prisons?

transporting prisoners to American and Australian colonies

benefits of NSW colony (3)

Replace American colonies, establish military + imperial presence in South Pacific, use convict labour to build colony

Transportation Act 1717

Simplified transportation. Capital crimes: 14 years. Non Capital Crimes: 7 years

who led the first fleet

Captain Arthur Phillip

why was botany bay unsuitable (3)

shallow bay, sandy soil, no fresh water supply

when and where was the new colony proclaimed?

26 January 1788, Sydney Cove

hardships at sydney cove (3)

limited food, reduced rations, supply ships didn't arrive

governor phillip resignation

1792 due to poor health. Took native plants and animals back to england

first rebellion in NSW

1804, led by Irish convicts. Intercepted by soldiers. 9 executed, others flogged or sent to secondary punishment

when did transportation to Australia end

1868

how many convicts were transported to Australia

over 160,000

convict life in Aus

Isolated, like unique, open air prison. Skilled convicts built towns. Some made a good life, others sent to secondary punishment

Secondary punishment

more isolated locations with brutal physical punishment and no reform, left many wishing for death

Port Arthur Penal Colony

Established in 1833. Used psychological punishment to enforce anonymity and remove individuality.

push factors

something that inspires a migrant to leave their home (eg: unemployment)

pull factors

something that inspires a migrant to choose a certain place to live (eg: more opportunities)

why did europeans want to migrate? (4)

unemployment, rising rents and taxes, grim conditions, overpopulation

unassisted migration

when people pay for themselves to immigrate to australia. eg: tradespeople, wealthy, encouraged by land grants

how did government assisted migration change?

Assistance followed economic cycles

journey to australia for migrants vs convicts

migrants were more comfortable. could pay for private cabin

how long was journey from england to australia?

up to 4.5 months

what challenges did migrants face on arrival? (3)

needed pre-organised jobs or had to find work. difficult for families as employers didn't want to support children. many were sent to coastal towns or inland farms

tyranny of distance

physical separation from England. Letters took months to arrive, making communication difficult

old world in the new

European immigrants brought cultural baggage (society, religion, class, gender), establishing British institutions in Australia, but newer generations often identified as Australian rather than British.

free settler

a person who leaves their homeland by choice to settle in a new country or colony

why did people become free settlers

harsh conditions in Britain led to a search for new opportunities

voluntary settlers

travelled for new opportunities

involuntary settlers

left britain simply to survive

who made up the first fleet?

763 convicts, 211 marines and officers. Most women were prostitutes, most men were unskilled workers

Pemulwuy

A Bidjigal warrior from the Botany Bay area of Sydney, who resisted white settlers.

Pemulwuy death

Shot dead in 1802. Head was cut off and sent to Sir Joseph Banks

How did Governor Phillip initially interact with the Eora people?

tried to maintain cordial relations, but conflict was inevitable due to opposing viewpoints.

What order did Governor King issue on 1st if May 1801

'Aborigines' in the area could be shot in sight

abolition

The act of officially ending a system, practice or institution — particularly the ending of slavery

domestic slavery

A form of slavery where enslaved people worked inside homes as servants, cleaners or cooks rather than in fields or factories.

plantation

A large farm or estate (mainly in the Americas) where crops like sugar, cotton or tobacco were grown, often by enslaved labour.

rural

Countryside areas where people live off the land through farming or agriculture, opposite of urban areas.

auction

A public sale where enslaved people were sold to the highest bidder, treated as property rather than humans.

referendum

a yes/no vote to change the constitution

censorship

the suppression of speech, public communication or other information which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined by the government

interment

The imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly large groups, without trial

the western front

The contested armed frontier between lands controlled by Germany to the East and the Allies to the west