4 Salmonella

contagious

What are the causative agents of salmonellosis in animals?

Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica

How does stress contribute to salmonellosis?

Stressful conditions like pregnancy, lactation, overcrowding, and immunosuppression damage protective flora, leading to clinical disease

What are the transmission routes of salmonellosis?

Fecal-oral, fomites, in utero (birds), serovar Dublin via raw milk

What is the global epidemiology of salmonellosis in animals?

Worldwide, associated with animal husbandry

Which animals have the highest mortality rate from salmonellosis?

Preweaned farm animals (mortality = 100%) YOUNG animals

Which animals act as major carriers of salmonella?

Reptiles and birds

Where does salmonella multiply in infected animals?

Inside macrophages, forming granulomas, settling in distal small intestine, colon, and reproductive tract

What is the incubation period for salmonellosis?

12-36 days

What are the clinical signs of septicemia in young ruminants, pigs, and horses?

Fever, neurological and respiratory distress, death in one day

What are the clinical signs of acute/subacute enteritis in ruminants, pigs, and horses?

Watery diarrhea, colic, decreased milk production, dehydration, death

What are the clinical signs of chronic salmonellosis in adult animals?

Emaciation, fever, scant feces

What are the clinical signs of salmonella-induced abortion in ruminants?

OIE-listed condition caused by serovar Abortusovis

What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis in dogs and cats?

Acute diarrhea lasting 3-4 weeks, septicemia, abortion or birth of weak offspring, chronic debility in cats

What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis in birds?

Affects only young birds; diarrhea, anorexia, CNS signs, lethargy

What clinical signs are seen in reptiles with salmonellosis?

asymptomatic carriers (sometimes Subcutaneous abscesses, osteomyelitis, septicemia )

How is salmonellosis diagnosed?

Isolation from feces/blood using selective and non-selective media, enrichment, biochemical tests, rapid slide agglutination test for antibodies in serum, PCR for healthy carriers

What are the differential diagnoses of salmonellosis?

Enterotoxigenic E. coli diarrhea, dysentery from verotoxigenic E. coli, coccidiosis, hemorrhagic diarrhea from clostridiosis, poisoning

What is the treatment for salmonellosis?

Antibiotics only in septicemia cases to avoid enterotoxemia and antibiotic resistance, NSAIDs with caution for endotoxemia, fluid therapy

Which additional salmonella strains are noted?

Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhimurium var Copenhagen

What causes fowl typhoid?

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum

Which hosts are affected by fowl typhoid?

Domestic and wild birds

Which factors predispose birds to fowl typhoid?

Young age, stressful conditions such as overcrowding and concurrent diseases

Which birds are more likely to spread fowl typhoid?

Adults in a flock

How is fowl typhoid transmitted?

In utero (via eggs), ingestion, inhalation

What is the pathogenesis of fowl typhoid?

Swelling of parenchymatous organs (liver, kidneys, spleen) with focal necrosis, inflammation of ovary and oviduct

What are the clinical signs of fowl typhoid in chicks?

Dropped wings, chalky white diarrhea, swollen belly, feather clotting on cloaca, dehydration, septicemia

What are the clinical signs of fowl typhoid in adult birds?

Enteritis with watery-mucoid yellowish diarrhea, ascites leading to penguin-like posture, decreased egg production, misshapen or shell-less eggs

How is fowl typhoid diagnosed?

Typical clinical signs, microbial culture from cloacal swabs on maltose, rapid slide agglutination test on fresh blood

Is treatment recommended for fowl typhoid?

No, treatment is not recommended

What causes pullorum disease?

Salmonella enterica biovar pullorum

Which hosts are affected by pullorum disease?

Domestic and wild birds younger than four weeks

How is pullorum disease transmitted?

Horizontal transmission through direct or indirect ingestion or inhalation

What is the pathological finding in pullorum disease?

Caseated, thickened content in the yolk sac

What are the clinical signs of pullorum disease?

White viscous diarrhea, ascites, penguin posture, septicemia leading to death within a few days

What are the postmortem findings in pullorum disease?

Multiple gray nodules on intestines and other organs

How is pullorum disease diagnosed?

Microbial culture from yolk or cloacal swabs on maltose

Is treatment recommended for pullorum disease?

No, treatment is not recommended