AP 1 Ch6- bones and skeletal tissue

functions of bones and skeletal tissue

support, protection, attachment point, blood cell formation, hormone function

bone support

holds up body and cradles organs

bone protection

protects CNS via skull and vertebrae and visceral organs with rib cage

bones are the only type

are the only hard tissue

stomach and liver get some

provide some protection via ribcage

attachment point

skeletal muscle attaches to bones via tendons

storage

minerals and fat

types of mineral storage

calcium phosphate salts for bone fibers

type of fat storage

yellow marrow to tap into for adults

what needs calcium

muscle and nervous system

what happens if there is low calcium in your blood

brain will break down your bones for calcium

blood cell formation name

hematopoiesis

what is hematopoiesis

formation of RBC in red bone marrow

types of blood cell formation

RBC, WBC, thrombocytes

thrombocytes

hemostasis/ clotting

bone hormone production

osteocalcin

osteocalcin result

regulates insulin

release of insulin

taking in more glucose

rating of hard bone growth

poor growth

because fetal bone formation is slow

produce cartilage blueprint

cells that produce cartilage

chondroblasts

cartilage skeleton is replaced by

replaced by bone

cartilage has a large amount

large amount of fibers

large amount of fibers allows

allows for push-pull

bones have large content

large water content (80%)

large water content allows

allows flexibility

large amounts of condroblasts

more ground substance and more cartilage

surrounds cartilage

perichondrium

define perichondrium

fibrous connective, vascular tissue

function of perichondrium

resists excessive outward expansion of cartilage to not hurt surrounding organs

hyaline cartilage

most common of where bones meet ( except knee)

types of hyaline cartilage

articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

articular cartilage

surrounds joints

costal cartilage location example

ribs

respiratory cartilage example location

respiratory tubes to keep open 24/7

nasal cartilage

keep nasal passages open

locations of elastic fibers

external ear, epiglottis

function of external ear

keep ear open for hearing and prevent moisture

function of epiglottis

close trachea while eating

fibrocartilage

rows of chondrocytes

characteristics of fibrocartilage

lots of collagen, low matrix, toughest, helps with push-pull

examples of fibrocartilage

vertebral discs, knee, pubic symphysis

reason for fibrocartilage locations

areas bearing a lot of weight

function of symphysis

helping with walking, bearing weight and not spreading legs too wide

types of cartilage growth

appositional and interstitial

appositional

laying down new cartilage on cold cartilage

appositional example

tree rings

appositional growth mechanism

cells just under perichondrium push the new matrix on top at the surface of cartilage tissue

characteristic of appositional growth

causes cartilage width

interstitial growth

cells divide and secrete matrix with pre-existing cartilage

location of interstitial growth

deeper in cartilage tissue

characteristic of interstitial growth

growth in cartilage length

interstitial growth is important for what development

important for fetal development

types of bone classification

by location and shape

location classification

axial and appendicular

axial skeleton

long axis of body

examples of axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column and ribs

main function of axial skeleton

protection

appendicular examples

limbs, and pectoral and pelvic girdles

function of appendicular skeleton

movement

shape classification

long vs short

long bones

longer than wide

long bone example

almost all limb bones, femur and phalanges

short bone

even dimensions

examples of short bones

carpals and tarsals

sesamoid bones

develops inside of tendon

example of sesmoid bone

patella

tendon patella develops

from quad to tibia

flat bones

flat, thin, curved

example of flat bones

cranial, sternum, rubs, scapula, ribs

irregular bones

anything that doesn’t fit into a category

example of irregular bones

vertebrae and os coxa

compact bone name

lamella

lamella characteristic

smooth and solid

spongy bone name

trabecular

trabecular bone characteristics

small spaces filled with red and yellow bone marrow

trabecular bone location

in areas of great stress to add to bone

arrangement of bone

compact, spongy, compact sandwich

size of cavities in bone

small only

complexity of long bone

more complex

4 features of long bone

diaphysis, epiphysis, membranes, vascularization and innervation 

diaphysis

bone shaft with internal medullary cavity

pressure on bone shaft

high amount

inside medullary cavity

yellow or white bone marrow, little blood supply

epiphysis

no medullary cavity, articular cavity cartilage, bone ends

attachment sites of epiphysis

oddly shaped

attached to epiphysis

tendons and ligaments

fibrous membranes

periosteum, endosteum

periosteum

fibrous membrane that covers compact bone except for epiphysis, vascularized and innervated

periosteum if broken too frequently

will easily break

endosteum

covers internal bone

high vascularization for bones

via nutrient artery/vein to serve long diaphysis

nerves travel

with blood vessels

structural unit of lamellar

osteon

result of loss of osteon

lose bone function

organization of osteons

columns tightly packed

collagen fibers running

never run in same direction

reason for collagen runs

helps not twist

central cranal

run throughout center of bones

perforating canals

extending from central canal to connect neighboring osteons and medullary cavities