Stimulus Based Questions Unit V

"As soon as I entered the Emperor's [Napoleon III of France's] study, he...began by saying that he had decided to support Piedmont with all his power in a war against Austria....

...the search for a plausible excuse presented our main problem... seeking grounds for war. [W]e arrived at Massa and Carrara, and there we discovered what we had been...seeking. After I had given the Emperor a description of that unhappy country...we agreed on instigating the inhabitants to petition your Majesty [Victor Emmanuel], asking protection and even demanding the annexation of the Duchies to Piedmont. Your Majesty would decline, but you would take note of the Duke of Modena's oppressive policy....The Duke, confident of Austrian support, would reply impertinently. Thereupon Your Majesty would occupy Massa, and the war could begin."

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Letter to King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont, July 24, 1858

Which of the following nineteenth-century trends thwarted the Italian objectives pursued by Cavour in his negotiations with Napoleon III?

Austrian foreign policy aimed to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions in central and Eastern Europe since 1815.

"Italians! The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy. To help them with money, arms, and especially men, is the duty of every Italian.

If the cities do not offer sufficient basis for insurrection, let the more resolute throw themselves into the open country. A brave man can always find a weapon... Let us arm. Let us fight for our brothers, tomorrow we can fight for ourselves.

A handful of brave men, who have followed me into battle for our country, are advancing with me to the rescue. Italy knows them; they always appear at the hour of danger. Brave and generous companions, they have devoted their lives to their country; they will shed their last drop of blood for it, seeking no other reward than that of a pure conscience."

—General Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1860

What two ideologies motivated Garibaldi?

nationalism and republicanism

"[May 1]...[N]ever...has a war been incited so shamelessly...as the one that Bismarck is currently trying to start against Austria.... Austria is supposed to be mobilizing against Prussia! Any child knows that the opposite is the case.... We...must come down on the side of the unjust cause, because we cannot tolerate the possibility of Austria gaining the upper hand in Germany.

[August 19] ...[W]hat enviable luck...to have seen this turning-point in German history.... For years I have envied the Italians that they succeeded.... I have wished for a German Cavour and Garibaldi as Germany's political messiah.... I bow before the genius of Bismarck, who has achieved a masterpiece of political planning and action...how precisely he knew and used all the ways and means—his king, Napoleon, his army, the administration, Austria and her forces."

Rudolf von Ihering, a liberal German politician, two Letters on Otto von Bismarck's policy of war with Austria, 1866

Which of the following best explains the author's attitude toward Bismarck in the excerpt?

the breakdown of the Concert of Europe

"That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom...

That such disease, wherever its attacks are frequent, is always found in connexion with the physical circumstances above specified, and that where those circumstances are removed by drainage, proper cleaning, better ventilation, and other means of diminishing atmospheric impurity, the frequency and intensity of such disease is abated; and where the removal of noxious agencies appears to be complete, such disease almost entirely disappears...

The primary and most important measures, and at the same time the most practicable, and within the recognized province, and within the recognized province of public administration, are drainage, the removal of all refuse of habitations, streets, and roads, and the improvement of the supplies of water."

—Edwin Chadwick, Summary from the Poor Law Commissioners

What specific type of reform did Chadwick's Summary from the Poor Law Commissioners help promote?

sanitation reform

"In every large works...the following rules shall be strictly observed....

(1) The normal working day begins at all seasons at 6 a.m. precisely and ends...at 7 p.m.... Workers arriving 2 minutes late shall lose half an hour's wages....

(3) No workman, whether employed by time or piece, may leave before the end of the working day, without having first received permission from the overseer....

(7) All conversation with fellow-workers is prohibited....

(10) Natural functions must be performed at the appropriate places, and whoever is found soiling walls, fences, squares, etc...shall be fined....

(12) It goes without saying that all overseers and officials of the firm shall be obeyed without question, and shall be treated with due deference. Disobedience will be punished by dismissal.

(13) Immediate dismissal shall also be the fate of anyone found drunk in any of the workshops....

(15) Every workman is obliged to report to his superiors any acts of dishonesty or embezzlement on the part of his fellow workmen."

Factory Rules at the Foundry and Engineering Works of the Royal Overseas Trading Company in Berlin, 1844

The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed to the conditions that fostered what subsequent event?

Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of a unified Germany.

"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class.

In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all."

—Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848

What specific economic and social conditions were Marx and Engels referring to in this selection?

the social and economic order that emerged with the Industrial Revolution