Plants

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132 Terms

1

What limits plants

availability of phosphorus, nitrogen, and nutrients from the soil

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2

Plant evolution

ordorcian time period-475 million years ago

derived from green algae

resembled moss, liverwarts, hornwarts

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3

Plants

Multicellular

eurkaryotic

photosynthetic

use cellulose for carbohydrates

use chlorophyll

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4

Bryophytes/non vascular plants

No vasular tissue

no roots, flowers, seeds, or fruit

needs water for reproduction using spores

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5

Pteridiophytes/seedless vascular plants

Have vascular tissue

no seeds, no flowers, no fruit

needs water for reproduction using spores

leaf like

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6

Gymnosperms

Have pollen

Have seeds which are cones

no flowers

use the wind for pollenation

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7

Angiosperms

First to have fruits and flowers

90% of plants today

have seeds and pollen

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8

eudicots

2 seed leaves

4 or 5 flower parts

netlike leaf veins

vascular bundles arranged as a ring

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9

monocots

1 seed leaf

3 flower parts

paralel leaf veins

vascular bundles distributed randomly in ground tissue

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10

Dermal Tissue

Outside of plant body

consists of the epidermis, parenchyma cells, trichomes, periderm, cork and cork cambium, and lenticels

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11

Ground Tissue

most of interior

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12

Vascular Tissue

pipes for delivering water and other nutrients

xylem and phloem

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13

Plant Morphology

roots

stems

leaves

flowers

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14

Shoot system

organ system above ground

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15

Root System

organ system below ground

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16

Roots

Anchor plants to the ground

absorb water and nutrients

conduct water and nutrients to shoot system

storage of photosynthate as starch

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17

Fibrous Roots

Monocots

no central root

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18

Tap Roots

Eudicots

centralized

lateral roots branch off

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19

Modified Roots

Storage roots and Adventitious roots

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20

Storage Roots

underground plant organs that store nutrients like starch, water, vitamins, and minerals

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21

Adventitious Roots

plant roots that form from any nonroot tissue

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22

Shoots

Support

Photosynthesis

Transport

Storage

Reproduction

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23

Terminal buds

top of main shoot or branch

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24

axillary buds

base of leaves can become branches

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25

vegetative shoots

photosynthesis

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26

reproductive shoots

reproduction with flowers

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27

Modified Stems

Stolons

Rhizomes

Tubers

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28

Stolons

Above ground

asexual reproduction

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29

Rhizomes

Horizontal

below ground

Asexual Reproduction

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30

Tubers

Storage

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31

Leaf Veins

have vascular tissue

xylem for water and nutrients

phloem for photosynthesis

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32

Cuticle

Waxy hydrophobic lipid

protects leaf from drying out and acts as a protective barrier

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33

Palisade Parenchyma

Photosynthesize

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34

Stomata

Allows passive movement of water throughout the plant.

2 guard cells create pores that allow for gas exchange of CO2 in and O2 and H2O out

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35

Spongy Parenchyma

Allow air to circulate and do photosynthesis

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36

Chollenchyma

supportive elastic cells

found in petioles and supporting central veins

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37

Simple Leaves

1 blade

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38

Compound Leaves

Leaflets

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39

Double compound leaves

leaflets have leaflets

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40

Modified leaves

tendrils

spines

succulent leaves

brightly colored

carnivory

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41

Tendrils

help plants climb, grow, and compete for sunlight and space

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42

Spines

protection

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43

Succulent leaves

store water

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44

brightly colored leaves

attract pollinators

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45

carnivory

eat bugs to get nitrogen in nitrogen limited environments

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46

Ground tissue

made of parenchyma

chollenchyma

and sclerenchyma

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47

Parenchyma

All purpose

1 primary cell wall

divides and differentiates

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48

Chollenchyma

thick wall

supports

flexible

1 primary cell wall

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49

Sclerenchyma

Thick secondary walls

supports non growing sections

dead at maturity

Fiber cells

Sclereids

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50

Tracheids

Long and Slender

water flows up and over

dead at maturity

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51

vessel elements

barrel shaped

allow vertical flow

increased flow

dead at maturity

angiosperms only

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52

Xylem fibers

non-living cells that support and strengthen xylem

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53

Sieve tube members

Alive

has cytoplasm

no nuclei or organelles

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54

companion cells

Alive

assist sieve tubes

has nucleus

only in angiosperms

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55

Phloem Fibers

support for vascular tissue

made of sclerenchyma and dead at maturity

improves the strength of vascular tissue

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56

what makes up wood

xylem

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57

Parts of dermis tissue

Epidermis

Periderm

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58

Epidermis

Primary dermal tissue, found in young parts of a plant

parenchyma cells

trichomes

guard cells

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59

Trichomes

Hairlike extensions of epidermis, protects plants from predation, reduce evaporation

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60

guard cells

form stomata and controls opening and closing them

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61

Periderm

Secondary dermal tissue

cork and cork cambiam

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62

Cork and Cork cambium

hardened protection in woody plants

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63

Cork

Bark

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64

Cork Cambium

Makes cork

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65

lenticels

pores for gas exchange through outer cork and periderm, like stomata

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66

Apical Meristems

create primary growth using cell division, the elongation of roots and shoots, plant embryoiotic cells that stay with them into maturity

located in axillary and terminal buds and root tips

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67

Lateral Meristems

Create secondary growth by dividing cells in circular sheets throughout shoots and roots

in woody plants

increase circumferencf

allows plants to support themselves as they grow

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68

Root apical meristem

makes root cap ahead of the meristem

makes primary vascular, grounds, and dermal cells behind meristem

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69

cell division

replicate the meristem, make primary cells behind an root caps ahead

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70

elongation

cell expansion creates force driving movement through soil

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71

maturation

cells take on functional roles as vascular, ground or dermal tissue

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72

stele

new primary vascular root cells

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73

cortex

new primary ground root cells

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74

protoderm

new primary dermal root cells epidermis

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75

Root hair structure and function

extensions off root epidermal cells

increases root surface area

function to absorb water and nutrients from soil

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76

shoot primary growth

at apical meristem, terminal or axillary bud

make 1st dermal, ground, and vascular shoot cells behind the meristem, build and adds length

perpetuate/replicates the meristem and leaves behind axillary bud meristem

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77

lateral meristems

create cell division that increases girth/ circumference to support primary growth overtime

woody plants

make secondary tissue to make secondary growth

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78

Vascular cambium

stem cells that form a cylinder in the shoot inbetween primary xylem and primary phloem in vascular bundles

makes secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside

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79

cork cambium

makes secondary dermal tissue/ cork to outside

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80

Vascular bundles

xylem and phloem in long tubes

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81

indeterminate growth

roots and shoots

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82

determinate growth

leaves

flowers

fruits

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83

hypertonic

plasmolyed

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84

isotonic

flaccid

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85

hypotonic

turgid and preferred

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86

water pressure

0 if the container is open

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87

solute

0 if the water is pure

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88

hydrogen bonds

make cohesions

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89

water molecules

adhere to cellulose cell walls

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90

casparian strip

made of wax/lipid

hydrophobic

forces water and nutrients to pass across at least 1 plasma membrane

permeable for ions

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91

Apoplastic flow

through the cell wall cellulose

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92

symplastic flow

through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata

forced across membrane by casparian strip

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93

what regulates the closing and opening of stomata

sunlight

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94

adaptations in dry environments

stomata in protected pockets

trichomes decrease evaporation and create humid microenvirnments

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95

Source

adds sugars to phloem and uses ATP

mature leaf, starchy storage root that releases sugars

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96

Sink

Removes sugar from phloem, passive

anything that needs to grow

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97

what makes soil acidic

roots

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98

what has the greatest affect on plant growth

nitrogen

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99

nitrogen fixing bacteria

only organisms that can break nitrogen’s triple bond

turns it into 2 ammonias

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100

nitrifying bacteria

turns ammonium into nitrate which is preferred by plants

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