UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

Socrates

Who is the philosopher associated with the aphorism 'Know thy self'?

Know thyself

Translate the Greek aphorism 'gnothi seauton'

Self-Acknowledge

Knowing one’s degree of understanding about the world and knowing one’s capabilities and potentials.

False

True or False:

Socrates believed that the self is simply discovered through realization rather than being achieved through work.

The soul

According to Socrates, which entity is the 'ruler of the body' and pre-existed it?

Plato

The student of Socrates who believed the self is an immortal soul and established 'Idealism'.

Plato's Idealism

The belief that empirical reality is just a shadow, while ultimate reality consists of abstract universal essences.

True

True or False:

For Plato, the 'man' in the physical world is an illusion; the 'idea of a man' is the real man.

mind

For St. Augustine, time is not a feature of the world, but a property of the _____.

Introspection

The awareness of one’s own mental processes as advanced by St. Augustine.

Rene Descartes

Who is famous for the dictum 'Cogito ergo sum'?

• Mind

• Body

Descartes viewed the self as a dichotomy of what two entities?

Mind

Socrates : Soul

Descartes : _____

Diskarte

Which Filipino term is derived from Descartes' surname and refers to finding a way to make things possible?

John Locke

The philosopher who defined the self through consciousness and memory, rejecting the brain as the seat of identity.

Tabula rasa

What is the Latin term for 'blank slate' used by John Locke to describe the mind at birth?

False

True or False:

David Hume believed the self is a stable, mental entity.

Bundle of perceptions

Hume's concept that the self is nothing but a collection of different perceptions.

Impressions

In Hume's philosophy, what are the vivid perceptions based on direct experience called?

Ideas

Hume's two distinct entities of the mind are Impressions and _____

Immanuel Kant

Who argued that we 'construct' the self through inner and outer senses?

Inner sense

In Kantian philosophy, what comprises one's psychological state and intellect?

Apperception

The faculty that allows for the application of concepts in Kant's theory of consciousness.

• Id

• Ego

• Superego

List the three structures of the human mind according to Sigmund Freud.

Id

Which of Freud's psychic structures represents the 'Pleasure Principle'?

Ego

A person delays gratification and plans a realistic way to achieve a goal. Which of Freud's structures is dominant?

• Conscience

• Ideal Self

What are the two systems within Freud's Superego?

Behaving

Descartes : Thinking

Ryle : _____

Logical Behaviorism

Gilbert Ryle’s theory that mental concepts can be understood through observable events.

Eliminative Materialism

The radical claim by the Churchlands that common-sense psychology is wrong and mental states may not exist.

True

True or False:

Paul and Patricia Churchland argue that to understand the self, one must study the brain, not just the mind.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Who argued that the mind and body are so that all experiences are 'embodied'?

Subjective Body

Merleau-Ponty's body type that is lived and experienced.

Social Self

George Mead's theory that the self is developed through social interaction, not biology.

• Self-awareness

• Self-image

What are the two parts of the self according to George Mead?

Imitation

A child imitates a parent sweeping the floor. Which of Mead's stages of development is this?

Game stage

The stage in Mead's theory where a child sees themselves from the perspective of others and understands the 'generalized other'.

The I

In Mead's 'I and Me' theory, which part is the unsocialized, spontaneous, and subjective part?

Charles Horton Cooley

Who developed the concept of the 'Looking-glass self'?

Looking-glass self

The idea that people we interact with become a mirror in which we view ourselves.

False

True or False:

According to Cooley, our perceptions of how others see us are always objective and accurate.

Social Categorization

The process of dividing the world into 'us' and 'them' to form social groups.

In-group

A social group to which a person belongs and feels loyalty.

• Social Categorization

• Social Identification

• Social Comparison

List the three mental processes Tajfel and Turner identified for evaluating 'us and them'.

Protean

The postmodern idea that a self is capable of changing constantly to fit present conditions.

Multiphrenia

What postmodern term refers to 'many different voices speaking about who we are'?

Erving Goffman

Who proposed the 'Dramaturgical Model of Social Life'?

Back stage

According to Goffman, where does an actor behave differently and act as their 'natural self'?

Impression management

In Goffman's imagery, where do actors perform in conformity with audience expectations?

Kenneth Gergen

Who coined the term 'Saturated Self' to describe a self-characterized by constant connection and endless streams of information?

Cultural Identity

The feeling of belongingness to a certain culture group anchored on demographic characteristics.

Material Culture

The national flag is an example of which type of culture?

Self-representation

Brian Morris's concept of the self as an individual's mental representation of their person.

Hubert Hermans

Who introduced the theory of the 'Dialogical Self' as the 'society of mind'?

Internal I-position

In Dialogical Self theory, identifying as 'diligent' or 'empathic' is an example of what?

Identity struggle

The discrepancy between the identity a person claims and the identity attributed to them by others.

• Individual Self

• Relational Self

• Collective Self

What are the three fundamental selves discussed in anthropological/sociological perspectives?

I-Self

In William James's theory, what is the 'Thinking self' that knows who he or she is?

Spiritual Self

According to William James, which constituent of the self includes core values, conscience, and moral behavior?

• Material Self

• Social Self

• Spiritual Self

List the three sub-categories of William James's 'Me-Self'.

False

True or False:

Carl Rogers believed the self is fixed and unchanging throughout life.

Ideal Self

In Carl Rogers' theory, what is the 'conception of what one should be or aspires to be'?

True

True or False:

According to Rogers, if the ideal self is far from the real self, the person becomes unhappy.

Existential Self

The aspect of self-concept that recognizes one's existence as a separate entity from others (starting in infancy).

Categorical Self

The aspect of self-concept where a child categorizes themselves by age, sex, height, or weight.

• Self-worth

• Self-image

• Ideal Self

List the three components of Self-Concept identified in the psychological perspective.

Donald W. Winnicott

Who proposed the theory of the 'True Self' and 'False Self'?

False Self

A person acts in a way specifically to impress others and hide their real feelings. Which Winnicott self is being displayed?

Gestalt Psychology

The psychological principle that 'the whole is greater than the sum of all its parts'.

Carl Jung

Who divided the psyche into the Ego, Personal Unconscious, and Collective Unconscious?

Collective Unconscious

Jung's concept of the unconscious mind shared by all human beings, containing instincts and archetypes.

Albert Bandura

Who developed the 'Agentic Theory of the Self'?

• Intentionality

• Forethought

• Self-reactiveness

• Self-reflection

List the four main features of Human Agency according to Bandura.

Self-efficacy

An individual’s belief that they will think pessimistically or optimistically in ways that are self-enhancing or self-hindering.

False

True or False:

Individualistic cultures prioritize the needs and goals of society over the desires of the individual.

Collectivism

Western Thought : Individualism

Eastern Thought : _____

False

True or False:

In Buddhism, there is an enduring, permanent self called the Atman.

the flow of consciousness

In Buddhism, a human being is a product of five changing processes: physical body, feelings, perceptions, responses, and _____.

Ren

The Confucian virtue characterized by altruistic behavior and human-heartedness.

Subdued Self

What is the term for the Confucian self that is conditioned to respond to social requirements rather than personal needs?

• Ruler/Minister

• Father/Son

• Husband/Wife

• Brothers

• Friends

List the 'Five Cardinal Relationships' of Confucianism.

Taoism

The philosophy that encourages living in harmony with the life force that unifies the universe.

False

True or False:

Taoism supports the idea of the 'Relational Self' as proposed by Confucius.

Atman

In Hinduism, what is the term for the self, spirit, or soul that is one with the Brahman?

Brahman

The absolute, transcendental power in Hinduism that the Atman seeks to know.

Law of Karma

What is the most important doctrine in Hinduism regarding the consequences of actions?

David Hume

Which philosopher claimed 'what we call a mind is nothing but a heap or collection of different perceptions'?

False

True or False:

According to Locke, the brain is synonymous with consciousness.

Plato

The first philosopher to believe that man has an enduring self represented by the soul.

St. Augustine

Who claimed that 'Time past and time future are only real as long as they exist in the mind'?

action

For Descartes, thought (mind) always precedes _____ (body).

Superego

The structure in Freud's theory that functions as a moral guardian and sets high standards for behavior.

True

True or False:

Gilbert Ryle supported behavioristic psychology.

Objective Body

The specific type of body Merleau-Ponty defines as observed and scientifically investigated.

Social Identification

A person categorizes themselves as a 'Christian' and then adopts the behaviors and identity of that group. Which social identity process is this?

Cyber self

The postmodern reality where the self is digitalized and disrupts traditional constraints of time and space.

Objective

In Mead's theory, the 'Me' represents the _____ part of the self.

Postmodern view of the self

The view that the self is not the creator of meaning but is shaped by outside forces/social construction.

• New media technologies

• dominance of consumerism

What are the two realities dominating the postmodern social condition?