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Bronsted-Lowry acid
Proton donor → becomes a conjugate base
Bronsted-Lowry base
Proton acceptor → becomes conjugate acid
Low pKa
Strong acid produces weak conjugate base
High pKa
Weak acid produces strong conjugate base
Acid & base strength
Electronegativity, size, inductive effect, hybridization, resonance
Electronegativity
Comparing molecules, if the negative charge is on the more electronegative atom then that molecule is more stable and therefore weaker
Size
The larger atom is more acidic because the negative charge is delocalized over a larger area (electrons are farther from the nucleus)
Inductive effect
Electron withdrawing groups stabilize a negative charge via sigma bonding
Hybridization
Triple (sp) bonded atoms are more acidic with an H+ attached than single (sp3) or double (sp2) bonded atoms
Resonance
A molecule that can perform resonance is more stable and is therefore the weaker base