Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections 1450 - 1750

what is a maritime empire

states that established trading-post empires along oceans

how did new ships help Euro. create maritime empires

they combined Greek knowledge with new Asian and Islamic ideas; ships: Carrack, Caravel, Fluyt

other maritime technology that helped Euro. to create maritime empires

astronomical chart - any map of the stars and galaxeis

motivation for Euro. to explore the oceans

transoceanic trade routes to Asia

consequences of Euro. maritime voyages and empires

rapid expansion of exploration and global trade

what was the columbian exchange

the interactions between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

who was the Columbian Exchange named after

Christopher Columbus

disease exchange due to the Columbian Exchange

measles, influenza, malaria, smallpox: killed millions of Indigenous people

food and animal exchange due to the Columbian Exchange

pork, beef, cheese, mediterranean foods all became staples of the American diet

exchange of people due to the Columbian Exchange

enslaved Africans were forcibly brought to the Western Hemisphere

why did Euro. use enslaved Africans for labor

sugar’s profitability increased the number of Africans captured and sold through the transatlantic slave trade

what was the Encomienda System

a system where landowners compelled Indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

what was hacienda

a system where landowners landowners developed agriculture on their lands using coerced labor

what was the mit’a system

Incan system where young men were required to devote a certain amt. of time to labor in public works

what was indentured servitude

a system where individuals worked for up to 7 years without pay

why did Europeans think that African chattel slavery was a better labor system

euro. originally enslaved Indigenous people but diseases eventually wiped them out; Indigenous people often escaped bondage: they knew the territory, had social networks, could easily camouflage themselves

what was mercantilism

an economic system that increase gov. control of the economy through high tariffs and colonies

connection between mercantilism and Euro. states in creating colonies

euro. countries established colonies throughout the world

how was the Portuguese empire different form other euro. states

pressure towards the empire came from outside sources instead of from inside sources

how did the British and Dutch govs. support exploration and colonization

joint-stock companies - investors who bought stocks or shares in the global economy; they allowed for the companies to make colonies

what was the Casta System

pyramid that separated ppl. based on their ancestry (peninsular, criollos, mestizos, mulattoes, mambos, Indigenous and African ancestry)