RS lab

nasal cavity/oral cavity

breathing through nose, breathing through mouth

lungs r/l

sitting in thoracic cavity surround heart above diaphragm

apex- top of lung

base- bottom of lung

cardiac notch- - in left lung only; accommodates heart (slightly more left in thoracic cavity)

lung lobes

3 right, 2 left (no middle lobe)

surfaces: costal surface (facing chest well)

mediastna surface (facing heart)

hilum- area where airway and blood vessels go in and out of lung

Airways

passage connecting atmosphere and alveoli

3 zones

- upper airways - no gas exchange (alveoli absent), nasal cavity /pharynx/larynx

- conducting zone - gas exchange (alveoli absent); trachea/bronchi/bronchioles/serveral more divisions of bronchioles/ terminal bronchioles

- respiratory zone- gas exchange (alveoli present); respiratory bronchioles/alveolar ducts/alveolar sacs/alveoli

nasal cavity/septum

cavity: inner area of nose

septum: composed of bone (upper portion: ethmoid/lower portion: vomer) covered in a membrane; divides nasal cavity into R and L

naris

external (entrance) and internal ( exit) to nasal cavity

turbinate/meatus

composed of bone (conchae) covered in membrane

form shelves projecting into nasal cavity

meatus (passageway) is created under each corresponding turbinate

pharynx

3 parts

1. nasal phraynx: end of internal naris -> tip of uvula

2. oral pharynx: tip of uvula -> tip of epiglottis

3. laryngral pharynx: tip of epiglottis -> start of lrynx

Larynx

starts below laryngeal pharynx

- sound production

- composed of 1 bone, cartilages, and ligaments/membranes

glottis

Opening between vocal cords; passageway going past vocal and vestibular folds

vocal folds

inferior, vibrate for sound production

vestibular folds

superior, modify air cuurrents to assist with sound production

hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

thyroid cartilage

below hyoid bone, anterior of thyroid cartilage has (thyroid notch) and a bump (laryngeal prominence)

cricoid cartilage

below thyroid cartilage; completes a full circle ( ring), thyroid cartilage does not

last part of larynx

thyrohyoid membrane

connect hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

cricothyroid ligament

connect thyroud cartilage and cricoid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

helps move vocal folds for sound production

bottom part of triangle shapr

corniculate cartilage

a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage

trachea

starts below cricoid cartilage, series of cartilaginous rings covering tissue

bronchi -> bronchiole divisions

trachea -> main bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles

external respiration

where airways and pulmonary circulation meet for gas exchange

pulmonary circulation

Overall pathway: right ventricle - pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries - pulmonary arteriole - pulmonary capillaries - pulmonary venule - pulmonary veins - left atrium. • Pulmonary vessels are an exception to usual colour of artery being red and vein being blue

pleura

tissue laters mainly between lung and chest wall

visceral pleura: layer attached to lungs costal surface

parietal pleura: layer attached to inner surface of chest wall

intrapleual space: between visceral and parietal pleura, thin fluid filled cavity (lubricate lung movement with breathing and creates subatmospheric pressure)

respiratory muscles

scalenes: vertebrae to first 2 ribs

Sternocleidomastoid : skull mastoid process to sternum and clavicle.

Pectoralis minor: scapula to ribs. I

ntercostals: between ribs; internal and external layers.

Diaphragm: attach to pleura at base of lungs

Abdominals: arranged in layers; fiber directions can be used to help identify

- Rectus abdominus - vertical.

- Transverse abdominus - horizontal.

- External oblique - "V" shape (down and to centre)

- Internal oblique - inverted "V" shape (up and to centre).