BIOL 221 UWEC Herman Ch. 2,3,4

Amphipathic

Molecule with both polar and non-polar regions

Solvent

The liquid of a solution

Solute

What is dissolved in a liquid to form a solution

Micelle

When amphipathic molecules such as phospholipids form a spherical, rather than a bilayer, formation

Heat of Vaporization

Energy required to hand 1M of a liquid to a gas at the boiling point

Heat of Fusion

Energy released to turn 1M of a liquid to a solid

Heat Capacity

Energy needed to raise the temperature of an entire object by 1 degree Celcius

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the total amount of dissolved solutes in a solution.

Turgor Pressure

Pressure caused by fluid pressing outwards on a cell wall

Carbohydrates

Typically have 1:2:1 ratios of C,H,O

Carbohydrates

Function as an energy source/storage and are used in cell structure

Hemiacetal

Ring-formation of a carbohydrate that has an aldehyde group

Hemiketal

Ring-formation of a carbohydrate that has a ketone group

Aldehyde

Grouping of atoms on a carbohydrate that contains a C that is double-bonded to an O, single-bonded to an H and another C

Ketone

Grouping of atoms on a carbohydrate that contains a C that is double-bonded to an O and single-bonded to two other C's

Sucrose

Disaccharide formed by the connection of glucose and fructose monosaccharides via glycosidic bonding

Glycosidic

Type of bond formed between 2 monosaccharides within a disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide

Reducing Sugar

Monosaccharide or disaccharide that has a free aldehyde or ketone group

Carbonyl

Type of group that includes a C that is double-bonded to an O

Carboxyl

Type of group that includes a C that is double-bonded to an O and single-bonded to both an OH and R group

Oligosaccharide

Just a few monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

Polysaccharide

Many individual monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

Starch

A type of glucose polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in plants

Glycogen

A type of glucose polysaccharide that is shorter and more branching than starch and used in animals for storing glucose.

Peptidoglycan

A type of modified glucose polysaccharide that is used in bacterial cell walls

Chitin

A type of glucose polysaccharide linked with N-acetylmuramic acid that is used in insect exoskeletons

N-acetylmuramic

A type of acid that joins with a glucose polysaccharide to form chitin

Glycosaminoglycans

Long, un-branching polymers of disaccharide subunits where one monosaccharide is an amino sugar such as N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine

Lipid

A category of organic molecules that primarily are made of hydrocarbon chains with a small amount of O

Fatty

A category of acids that is a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on the end

Saturated

A type of fatty acid that is a hydrocarbon chain made entirely of single bonds and are solids at room temperature such as Crisco

Monounsaturated

A type of fatty acid that is a hydrocarbon chain made of single-bonds and one double-bond, and the double-bond creates a "kink" in the chain

Polyunsaturated

A type of fatty acid that is a hydrocarbon chain made of both single and double bonds causing many "kinks" in the chain

Unsaturated

A category of fatty acids that are typically liquids at room temperature such as oil

Triglyceride

A type of lipid that involves three fatty acid chains that are linked to a glycerol molecule via ester bonds

Ester

A type of bond that is formed during dehydration synthesis to join a fatty acid chain to a glycerol molecule in a triglyceride

Phospholipid

A type of lipid where two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group join to a glycerol molecule to form an amphipathic molecule

Steroids

Complex lipids that consist of a distinctive 4-ring structure and include testosterone, estrogen, and other hormones

Proteins

A category of organic molecule that consist of polymers of 20 types of animo acids that are joined together via peptide bonds to create a massive variety of molecules

Amino

A group on an amino acid that involves a N single bonded to 2 H atoms and a C atom

Amino acid

Subunits of proteins that include an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an "R" group

Peptide

A structure with a few amino acids linked together

Polypeptide

A structure with many amino acids linked together

Peptide Bond

A bond formed via dehydration synthesis that links the C of a carboxyl group and the N of an amino group to join two amino acids

Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain

N-terminous

The free amino acid group on one end of a peptide chain

C-terminous

The free carboxyl group on one end of a peptide chain

Globular

Protein structure where protein is in a blob-like shape

Filamentous

Protein structure where protein is in a rope-like shape

Glycoprotein

Type of protein that is modified by a protein-sugar linkage

Lipoprotein

Type of protein that is modified by a protein-lipid linkage

α helix

Structure formed when protein R-sections interact via H-bonding to form a structure resembling a coiled spring

β pleated sheet

Structure formed when protein R-sections interact via H-bonding to form a structure resembling zig-zag ribbons laying side-by-side

Secondary Structure

How the H-bonds of a polypeptide interact to form shapes such as a β pleated sheet or an α helix

Tertiary Structure

How the H-bonds of the structures throughout a polypeptide form the 3-d shape of the entire polypeptide chain

Quaternary Structure

How two or more polypeptides link together to form a 3-d shape of an entire functional protein

Disulfide

Type of bond that links two polypeptides between sulfur atoms on the R-group of an amino acid

Denaturation

When a shape change in a protein causes a loss of proper function

Renaturation

When some proteins, after loosing their shape, can regain their proper shape and function

Angisen's Dogma

The idea that the native structure of a small globular protein is determined only by the amino acid sequence (Primary Structure) of the protein

Functional Domains

Independently folded regions on a protein that perform separate and characteristic functions

Nucleic Acid

A polymer composed of nucleotides that are joined via phosphodiester bonds

DNA

Nucleic Acid that stores genetic information via a specific sequence of nucleotides

mRNA

A nucleic acid which is produced during the transcription part of the process of replicating DNA

tRNA

A nucleic acid which is used to convert genetic code to amino acid sequences during the replication of DNA

rRNA

A nucleic acid that is a part of the process of translation during the replication of DNA

miRNA, siRNA

Tiny nucleic acid molecules that participate in gene regulation

Nucleotide

Type of molecule that contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Phosphodiester

Type of bond that joins nucleotide molecules together

Deoxyribonucleotides

Type of nucleotides found in DNA

Ribonucleotides

Type of nucleotides found in RNA

Ribose

Type of 5-carbon sugar found in RNA

2-Deoxyribose

Type of 5-carbon sugar found in DNA

Purine

Category of nucleotide with a nitrogenous base that contains a double ring structure (Adenine and Guanine)

Pyrimidine

Category of nucleotide with a nitrogenous base that contains a single-ring structure (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)

5

The phosphate group of a nucleotide attaches to this carbon on the 5-carbon sugar

5' end

The end of the nucleotide polymer that has a free phosphate group

3' end

The end of the nucleotide polymer that has a free OH group

5' - 3'

The direction which synthesis occurs along a nucleotide polymer

Uracil

A pyrimidine nitrogenous base that is found in RNA, but not DNA, and is a pyrimidine that replaces thymine to form 2 H-bonds with adenine

Thymine

Is a pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in DNA, but not RNA that forms 2 H-bonds with adenine

Adenine

Is a purine nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA that forms 2 H-bonds with either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA

Cytosine

Is a pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA that forms 3 H-bonds with guanine

Guanine

Is a purine nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA that forms 3 H-bonds with cytosine

Complimentary Strand

The opposite polymer of a DNA strand that forms H-bonds and runs antiparallel with the other nucleotide polymer to form the double helix

Cell Theory

The idea that cells are the basic building blocks of life and that new cells are formed from preexisting cells

Magnification

Principle of microscopy that regards using a lens and light to produce a larger image

Resolution

Principle of microscopy that regards the distinction between a sharp or a blurry image

Limit of Resolution

The shortest distance between to objects before the objects appear to blend into one (space between two fingers)

Contrast

Principle of microscopy that regards the difference between an object and its background and which may be enhanced through the use of dyes

Nucleoid Region

Region of a prokaryotic cell where the chromosome, or genetic information "hangs out"

Ring

Structure or shape of the chromosome in a prokaryotic cell

Ribosomes

Organelles in all prokaryotic cells used in translation of DNA and is composed of a protein and rRNA

50 S

Density of the protein section of a ribosome in a prokaryotic cell

30 S

Density of the rRNA section of a ribosome in a prokaryotic cell

70 S

Density of an entire ribosome in a prokaryotic cell

Svedbury Unit

Unit of density and has an abbreviation of "S"

Plasmid

Area of extrachromosomal DNA in a prokaryotic cell that contains genes that are not essential for the cell's survival

Tiny ring

Shape that a plasmid takes within a prokaryotic cell

Gas Vesicles

Found in photosynthetic bacteria called cyanobacteria and are used to float or sink in water