Lec 1, Tues BIOL 319 EXAM 1

Homeostasis

Balance in the body's internal environment. Maintained by structures in the body.

Living organisms ____ to…?

detect and respond to stimuli.

Hemodynamics

More blood to certain regions & less blood to other regions

Anatomy

Investigates body’s structure, size and shape of bone.

Physiology

investigates processes or functions of living things.

5 physiologically relevant ions

Nallium, Kalium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chlorum.

Which ones arent Cations

Chlorum

Which ones aren't Anions

Nallium, Kalium, Magnesium, Calcium

Changing ____ changes ____

Changing form changes function

Gross

Structures examined without a microscope.

What are the three types of gross

Regional, Systemic, Surface

Regional

studied area by area

Systemic

studied system by system

Surface

external formed used to visualize deeper structures

What structures are so small they require aid of a microscope?

Cytology & Histology

Cytology

Cellular anatomy

Histology

Study of tissues

X-ray

Shortwave electromagnetic radiation that moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a 2D flat radiograph image.

Suture

Immovable joints.

Gomphosis

A suture. Socket where tooth fits into.

Ultrasound

High frequency sound waves that pass into internal organs and bounce back to receiver on skin, visualized as a sonogram.

What can a skilled and experienced technician in Ultrasound identify?

Gender between weeks 16 and 22 of pregnancy.

Extracorporeal

Situated or occurring outside the body.

Extracorporeal shock-wave Lithotripsy

Ultrasound waves used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, which can pass out with the urine.

Ultrasound is used for many reasons, including to…

View the uterus and ovaries during pregnancy and monitor the developing babies health. Diagnose gallbladder disease. Evaluate blood flow. Guide a needle for biopsy or tumor treatment. Examine a breast lump. Check the thyroid gland. Find genital and prostate problems.

Thrombosed Vein / Great Saphenous Vein

Longest vein in the human body. Runs from the top of the foot to the upper thigh/groin area.

What order did Chris have his test?

CT, EKG, Echocardiogram, Nuclear Stress Test

Computed Tomography (CT)

Computer analyzed x ray images. Can take several scans & stack slices to make 3D image of body part. Axial, Coronal, Sagittal.

Computed Axial Tomography (CAT)

What a CT scan was formerly called. CT uses rotating x-ray tube. Axial, side to side.

Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score

Found from CT scan. Detects how much calcium is around ones heart.

What did they find with Chris’s CAC score?

Very high number, 400s. Indicated a lot of calcium around his heart but not exactly where, which is why they did more testing.

Electrocardiogram EKG

Test that records electrical activity of your heart.

Echocardiogram

Ultrasound sonogram of the heart.

Nuclear Stress Test

Looks at how well blood is reaching the heart muscle, particularly when the heart is working harder. So secretive that cardiologist cannot be sent results, has to go to room.

Where did they find the blockage to be at after the additional tests?

in the pericardial sac, not in a vessel.

Angiography

Type of X-Ray used to check blood vessels. Special contrast dye injected into blood. Angiograms highlight blood vessels, allowing doctors to see any problems.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

Radiopaque dye injected into blood, allowing for enhanced differences when compared to non injected scan. Digitally subtracts background structures.

Ischemia

Implies there is not enough oxygen to tissue.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar.

If our red blood sugar is low, we are going to piss off the…

Brain, liver, and red blood cells.

4 hormones that alleviate low blood sugar

Glucose, Epinephrine, Cortisol, TH Growth Hormone.

We are…?

Obligate aerobes, we need oxygen.

Oxygen is…

Terminal electron acceptor. It helps run the electron transport chain & produces ATP.

This results in…

ATP Hydrolysis, which needs a reaction couple to change + delta G to - delta G.

What happens to this process if we have a clot though?

No blood, No oxygen, No ATP, Tissue dies and cellular death

Pieces of clot can also…

Break free

Heart attack/myocardial infarct

When cardiac tissue starts to die, can be due to calcium clot in major cardiac vessels.

Glycolysis makes how many ATP?

Makes 4. Uses 2 (1 with hexokinase 1 & 1 from phosphofructokinase 3)

Arteries carry what away from the heart?

Blood

Do all arteries carry oxygenated blood?

No, the Pulmonary artery & Umbilical artery does not

Arteries carry what away from the heart?

Blood

Do all arteries carry oxygenated blood?

No, the Pulmonary artery & Umbilical artery does not

Clots can…

Occlude, block blood flow. Due to Calcium. Means CAC score is high!

What happens if the clot blocks blood completely?

No oxygen, no ATP, cellular death

But sometimes, pieces of clots can…

Break free and block a vessel somewhere else in the body

Myocardial infarct

Heart attack. Can happen when calcium clots in major cardiac vessels. Resulting in death of cardiac tissue.

Tomography or Topography?

TOMOGRAPHY

How long was Chris in the Computed Tomography CT?

Three minutes

Can you tell where the Calcium is with a CT?

No, they knew it was in the coronary region but not exactly where it was.

Anything that ends in -emia or emic is…

blood

Your brain runs exclusively almost on…

Glucose

Red blood cells do not have…

Mitochondria

Why do red blood cells depend on glycolysis?

Mature red blood cells do not have mitochondria.