History Test Tuesday June 10th

Martin Luther King Jr.

• 1929-1968

• Born in Atlanta Georgia

• Baptist minister 

• President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (a leading group in the Civil Rights Movement)

• Assassinated as a result of his beliefs

• All for peace

• Religion: Christianity (act Christian-like)

Malcom X

• 1925-1965

• Foster

• Time in jail radicalized him

• Nation of Islam: religious group that believes God has “Chosen people” and “Devil people” —> black and white

• X works with Elijah Muhammad + opens Islamic temples in North black communities + speeches 1960s

• 1965 X leaves the Nation of Islam after finding out Muhammad cheated + is shot by 3 members of the Nation of Islam

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, (+ women).

  • Ended unequal application of voter registration requirements

  • Racial segregation in schools, at workplaces, and by facilities that served the general public.

  • Ended Jim Crow

24^th Amendment (1964)

(Anti-Poll Tax Amendment)

Prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.

Voting Rights Act

• 1965

• Outlawed discriminatory voting practices.  

• No literacy tests

Loving v. Virginia

1967

Laws banning interracial marriage violate the 14th amendment

Black Panthers

• Started as a self-defense group

• After MLK’s assassination, they become a group that demonstrated power (i.e. walking around openly with guns)

• They represented the black people that wanted to voluntarily separate from white people

• Inspired by X

Soul Train + Black Power

• Grew love for black people + personal empowerment (hair, Kwanza, etc.)

Start of the womens movement: two parties

• 1963

• Moderates: let's change a few laws and we will be equal men/women

• Young radicals: we need to switch gears entirely

How did WWII impact the womens movement

1940s women were given the opportunity to work outside the home (worked in factories, made their own $$), therefore showed that they were capable

How did post WWII impact the womens movement

• Women were fired from their jobs and forced to move back into the home

• Gender roles were heightened

Liberal Feminism

• Leader

• Organization

• Accomplishments

• Theme

• Betty Friedan  (Feminine Mystique 1963)

• Betty made (NOW) National Organization of Women

  • Hired lawyers to allow women into jobs, no gender discrimination in the workplace

• Accomplishments

  • Equal Pay Act 1963

    • Equal pay for women

  • Civil Rights Act 1964

• More moderate

Women’s Liberation Movement

• Leader

• Organization(ish)

• Theme

• Gloria Steinem- wanted to be a journalist, men kept getting in her way (discrimination), so she made Ms.

• Ms. Magazine

• More radical

• Asking for rights is more concrete while asking for liberation is about cultural dynamics

• Protesting Ms. America + Birth Control b/c objectifying women

The Birth Control Pill

• Contraceptives were not available to married women in all states until 1965 (ruled in Griswold vs. Connecticut)

• Contraceptives were not available to unmarried women in all states until 1972 (ruled in Eisenstadt vs. Baird)

• Becomes a source of liberation for women (takes away the mother/family aspect of sex and also allowed women to plan out their life better i.e. schooling)

Griswold vs. Connecticut

1965

• Comstock laws prohibited the use of drugs for contraception purposes

• The Court ruled that the law violated a woman’s constitutional right to privacy: Made contraception available to all married couples

• Also: the right to privacy

The Right to Privacy

The Court argued that the right was to be found in the “penumbras” and “emanations” of other constitutional protections.

• Think: light that shines out of a lightbulb

• Therefore, the bill of rights is similar

Eisenstadt v. Baird

• 1972

• MA prohibited distribution of contraception to unmarried

• William Baird = charged with felony @BU for distributing them

  • He argued that the law was a violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th (because married women can but umarried cant??)

• The court ruled that it was discriminatory to unmarried women: made contraception legal to everyone

Title IX 1972

Portion of the Education Amendments of 1972

• No person of any gender should be excluded from participating in programs, school, financial assistance, etc.

• Prohibits sex discrimination in schools

• Major impacts on women in schools + sports

• Now professional womens sports!

• Signed into law by Pres. Nixon

Roe v. Wade

1973

• Norma L. McCovery (Jane Roe) wanted an abortion for her 3rd child

• Roe aruged the right to privacy articulated in Griswold extended to the right to an abortion

• She already was a mom + said she wanted to be a better mom ($) and having a third kid would not allow that

• Court ruled that privacy does extend (abortions = legal)

• Dobbs does not. (overturns)

Equal Credit Opportunity Act 1974

Prohibits discrimination on all types of people on credit transactions

• Women can sign their own loans/credit application (so they are no longer forced to rely on men)

No Fault Divorce Laws 1970-2010

Divorce in which the dissolution of the marriage does not require proof of wrongdoing by either party

Marital Rape Laws (1975-1993)

Any sex w/o consent, even within marriage, is considered rape.

The Equal Rights Amendment 1972

Proposed amendment to the US constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women

• 3/4s of the states needed to be in support of the amendment for it to pass..which is when the drama begins

For ERA

• Women should have the basic human right to vote because men + women are the same

  • If we are adding rights to the constitution then add LGBTQ and abortion there too

Against ERA

• Thought men + women were different (they have different skills + abiliities which are both great/valued)

• Used extreme/false points from the ERA movement to their advantage —> “They want gay people as teachers!” or “they wanted gender nuetral bathrooms!”

• Phyllis Schafley speaking out against ERA changed the narrative that if men were against ERA, they were not sexist

ERA results

• It fails

The Pathologizing of Gay Men:

1950s = heterosexually greatly not encouraged

• Gay/lesbian = framed as a mental disorder

• Shows to kids = pediphilea + contagious

The Lavender Scare of the 1950s

Pathologizing of gay people as psychologically imbalanced + socially dangerous

• 1943 US military bans gay + lesbians from serving

• 1948 Hollywood begins blacklisting suspected gays

• 1952 Immigrants banned from US if gay

• 1953 Executive order 10450 banning from working in federal gov (Dwight D. Eisenhower)

Gay Rights Activist Group: Mattachine Society

Founded in 1950

• Purpose: raise self-consciousness of ones sexuality, educate the public on gay, work to change minds

• “We are just like other americans” (dressed nicely)

Gay Liberation 1960s new activist strand

Influenced by Radical Feminism, Black Empowerment, wanted to acknowledge + embrace gay, endorsed violaence

Comptons Cafeteria Riot 1966

One of the first recorded trans-led riots in US history

• Comptons cafe = popular trans eatery in SF

• Riots broke out after police officers tried to kick out a trans woman

• Riots broke out

• Signals the start of a new, more confrontational approach to demanding LGBTQ visibility and rights.

• More about clothing

The Stonewall Uprising 1969

Stonewall inn = popular gay bar, often recieving police raids + arrests bc it was run by the mafia

• June 27, 1969 police showed up + people stood their ground (patrons started throwing bottles + bricks) —> 5 nights, drew in a diverse range of participates

• Mattachine tried to stop them but it was too late

Gay Liberation Front

• Inspired by Stonewall sought to identify and attack the systemic oppression of queer people

• Inspired by groups like the Black Panthers and the Women’s Liberation Movement

Gay Pride Emerges 1970s

• One year anniversary of stonewall parade = parade was held infront of the Inn

1970s: Living as Liberated

1. Form visable communities (Ptown)

2. End stigma (1973 same sex attraction = no longer a disorder in the DSM anymore)

3. Hold political power (Harvey Milk + Barney Frank)

4. Law (inclusion of sexuality in states + repeal laws —> 1/2 of them by 1989)

Clarence Thomas + Anita Hill

• EEOC released new guidelines stating that sexual harassment was unlawful under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

• When Thomas was nominated to the Supreme Court, Anita came out with allegations that Thomas had committed sexual assault

• The senate was supposed to vote on Thomas

• Male senators were questioning the validity of Anita/her claim

Dont ask dont tell

Military wont ask about your sexuality and you can serve now but you cannot talk about it/your partners openly

• Clinton

• Passed in 1993

Regents of the U of California vs. Bakke

1978

• “Equality vs. Equity”’ —> Supports equity

• Recent overtun = supports equality

• Allan Bakke applies to medical school, denied bc of quota system, then sues under the Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Supreme court shoots down quota system, upholds affirmative action

• 1980s —> civil rights movement is being slowed

ACT UP

Founded in 1987

Group that wanted to stand up against AIDS and stigma around LGBTQ community

LA Riots 1992

4 members of the LAPD harass Rodney King (black man) + videotapes spread on the internet

• 4 officers = taken to court, not guilty

• Leads to 5 days of riots very violent b/c even when they had clear document evidence nothing changed!!

• Still dealing with these issues (like Anita)

Sexually permisive media

helped open discussions about womens sexuality

• More gay characters

• Sex in the city