Molecular Fundamentals - Glycolysis Regulation

what are the three enzymes involved in irreversible reactions in glycolysis?

hexokinase (glucokinase), phosphofructokinase 1, and pyruvate kinase

hexokinase and glucokinase are activated large amounts of what?

glucose

hexokinase and glucokinase are inhibited by large amounts of what?

glucose-6-phosphate

what hormonal signal signals synthesis and activation of hexokinase and glucokinase?

when blood glucose levels are high and insulin is induced

what hormonal signal signals deactivation of hexokinase and glucokinase?

when blood glucose levels are low and glucagon is induced

phosphofructokinase 1 can be inhibited by what?

ATP or Citrate

phosphofructokinase 1 can be activated by what?

ADP or fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

F26BTASE activation will cause what?

inhibition of PFK1 by lowering levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels

F26BTASE does what?

converts fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

PFKII does what?

converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

glucagon inhibits PFKII enzyme and activates F26BTASE by doing what?

phosphorylating them

insulin activates PFKII enzyme and inhibits F26BTASE by doing what?

dephosphorylating them

pyruvate kinase is activated by what?

insulin and fructose-1,6-bsiphosphate

what can inhibit pyruvate kinase?

acetylCoA, ATP, or glucagon

how does glucagon inhibit pyruvate kinase?

by phosphorylating it