CRJ 4400 Final Exam

What is the purpose of a country's Exclusive Economic Zone as defined in the UN Convention?

To reserve sovereign rights for exploring and exploiting natural resources

According to the podcast, what is the purpose of the CBP One app?

To allow people to schedule appointments at ports of entry to avoid illegal entry

According to the lecture, the official border measurement of the Rio Grande ranges from how many miles depending on measurement method?

889 to 1248 miles

Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, how far do territorial waters extend from a country's shoreline?

12 nautical miles

According to the podcast, how long must most asylum seekers wait before they can legally work in the United States?

Six months after filing an asylum application

What is the primary consequence of the immigration court backlog discussed in the podcast?

There is a large gap between initial crossing and final case resolution

What does the term "mixed migration" refer to in the context of current border crossings as discussed in the podcast?

A diverse population with varying asylum claims, knowledge levels, and countries of origin

The Himalayas serve as a natural barrier separating which country from its southern neighbors?

China

What is one of the primary responsibilities of the U.S. International Trade Commission?

To determine whether U.S. industries are materially injured by unfairly traded imports

Under the 1980 Refugee Act discussed in the podcast, asylum can be granted to those with a well-founded fear of persecution based on all of the following EXCEPT:

Economic Hardship

What was the primary purpose of the Berlin Wall according to the lecture materials?

To keep East German citizens from leaving rather than keeping people out

How does the lesson page explain the relationship between social contract theory and national borders?

National borders extend the principle of collective rules for mutual benefit to the international level

What fundamental problem does the podcast identify with how border security is measured?

The number of apprehensions is treated as evidence of insecurity rather than effective enforcement

What makes deserts effective natural barriers according to the lecture?

Limited water sources and extreme temperature variations

According to the podcast, what was the primary effect of the Title 42 policy during the COVID-19 pandemic?

It allowed the government to expel people without asylum screening

The lesson page suggests that maritime law zones create what kind of border security concept?

Layered sovereignty with different rules at different distances

According to the lesson page, why is distinguishing between borders, boundaries, and barriers important for border security policy?

How a nation conceptualizes its borders shapes its entire approach to border security policy

Under maritime law, what can a coastal state do in its contiguous zone extending 24 nautical miles from shore?

Enforce customs, fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws

According to the definitions presented in the lecture, what is a barrier?

A material object that blocks or is intended to block passage

The Convention on Rights and Duties of States from 1933 requires a state to possess all of the following qualifications EXCEPT:

Membership in the United Nations

Which set of historical barriers was specifically mentioned in the slides as examples used throughout history to control entry exit commerce and invasion?

Great Wall of China, Hadrian's Wall, Maginot and Siegfried Lines, and Berlin Wall

In the Marshall Trilogy of the 1830s Chief Justice John Marshall characterized Native American tribes as which of the following?

Domestic dependent nations with limited sovereignty under federal ultimate dominion

What theoretical insight about borders emerges from the historical survey presented in the lesson materials?

Borders are political constructs that appear and disappear based on political decisions available resources and perceived threats

According to Lori Daggar how did the mission system facilitate US territorial expansion beyond religious conversion?

Missions created commerce networks between urban centers and frontiers that integrated indigenous lands into the US economy

Beyond military defense ancient walled cities served multiple functions. Which of the following was NOT identified as a function of urban walls in the lesson materials?

Facilitating rapid military mobilization across vast territories

The authors reference new walls being constructed in the 21st century as a response to what phenomenon?

Human migration from war-torn Middle East and African countries into Europe

The reading identifies a historical progression in border development. What is the correct sequence?

Territorial identification then walled cities then border fences then electronic surveillance

According to H.W. Brands what was the fundamental nature of the War for America?

A contest spanning thousands of years to determine who would control the land that became the United States

After the collapse of Roman political authority why did medieval European territories revert to natural barriers as boundaries?

Smaller political units lacked the resources and administrative capacity to build and defend Roman-style border fortifications

 Sherman's network of forts across the American West served multiple strategic purposes. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a primary function?

Establishing trading posts for commercial exchange with Native tribes

According to the reading what trend can we expect regarding fence construction between countries?

Continued construction of new and extensive fencing for the foreseeable future

According to the authors what are the stated purposes of physical barriers at borders?

Blocking terrorists, illegal immigration, and smuggling

According to the panelists what factor has most enabled the formation of a global indigenous community that did not exist during 19th-century colonization?

Modern communication technologies like the internet and video conferencing

How did Sherman apply his Civil War experience to warfare against Native American tribes in the West?

He targeted the buffalo herds to destroy tribes' capacity to survive independently and force them onto reservations

According to the reading what does contemporary border security represent as a combination of aspects?

Regulation of trade control of moving populations and physical security of cities and nations

According to the lesson materials what was the primary purpose of the earliest forms of border security such as hill forts?

To protect villages livestock and agricultural communities from localized threats

Lori Daggar describes Native peoples using various strategies to navigate confrontation with the United States. What term does she use for the approach of remaining as neighbors to preserve culture while hiding in plain sight?

Survivance

According to Lindsay Robertson what legal principle did the United States inherit from European colonial powers to justify westward expansion?

The Doctrine of Discovery which gave Christian nations rights over lands inhabited by non-Christians

What crucial development in border security thinking did the Roman Empire represent according to the lesson materials?

The shift from defending individual cities to defending the entire perimeter of a vast territorial state

The authors state that today we have reached a point where borders are essentially what rather than walls erected for national security?

Lines drawn on maps in most cases

What ongoing challenge did Chief Owens describe regarding Border Patrol operations in remote areas?

Many border areas lack dependable cell phone and radio coverage

After a 1961 hijacking attempt in El Paso, President Kennedy ordered which agency's personnel to serve as the first "sky marshals" on domestic flights?

U.S. Border Patrol Agents

In 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt moved the Immigration and Naturalization Service from which department to the Department of Justice?

Department of Labor

When asked about future border security priorities Chief Owens stated two key criteria for evaluating new capabilities or technologies. What were they?

Does it help agents do their job better and more efficiently and does it help them get home safe

Border Patrol was established in 1924 primarily to address which border security concerns?

Preventing illegal entries of Chinese immigrants and liquor smuggling during Prohibition

Chief Owens provided data from Del Rio sector showing weekly illicit revenue from human smuggling alone exceeded what amount?

$35 Million per week

Which factor is identified in the lesson materials as contributing to persistent staffing deficits in border security agencies?

High failure rates during polygraph and background check processes

In the video transcript Chief Jason Owens identifies which entities as the primary adversaries of the Border Patrol?

Transnational criminal organizations and cartels that orchestrate and facilitate illegal flows

What made the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) historically unique in U.S. immigration law?

It was the only U.S. law ever to prevent immigration and naturalization solely on the basis of race

Why was BORTAC (Border Patrol Tactical Unit) initially created in 1984?

In response to rioting at INS agencies

According to Chief Owens what makes fentanyl particularly dangerous compared to previous drug threats agents encountered?

Just a few grains of fentanyl can be lethal and agents must now carry Narcan

What distinguishes U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services from CBP and ICE within the DHS organizational structure?

USCIS is not a law enforcement agency but administers lawful immigration processes

The Geary Act of 1892 had what relationship to the Chinese Exclusion Act?

It extended the Chinese Exclusion Act

Chief Owens described cartel use of drones as an emerging threat. Which specific concern did he highlight in the video?

Cartels use drones for counter-surveillance and have been observed hovering near CBP helicopters

When the Department of Homeland Security was created in 2003 the former Immigration and Naturalization Service was divided among how many new agencies?

Three agencies

According to Chief Owens how has processing time for border encounters changed compared to past operations?

Processing now takes 30 minutes to 2 hours per case compared to just minutes in the past

What is the primary function of ICE's Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) directorate?

Transporting, detaining, and removing individuals ordered deported from the United States

According to the lesson materials what is the primary distinction between CBP's Office of Field Operations and U.S. Border Patrol?

OFO manages official ports of entry while Border Patrol operates between ports of entry

When Operation Wetback was launched in 1954, how many immigration and border patrol officers were allocated for the operation?

750 officers

The Bracero Program was established during which major historical event?

World War II

In the Burnett article CBP official Kelly Good explains the relationship between surveillance technology and physical barriers. What key limitation of technology does he identify?

Technology can detect illegal crossers but cannot stop them and without barriers people can cross and reach highways to escape

The Burnett NPR article compares the costs of different border security approaches. According to the article what is the approximate cost difference between a mile of border wall and a mobile surveillance tower?

A mile of wall costs about 25 million while a tower costs less than 1 million

According to the DHS article what is the primary operational advantage of the Big Wing modification to the MQ-9 aircraft?

It extends mission time by over 10 hours reaching up to 30-plus hours in the air with greater endurance and weather capability

Operation Gatekeeper implemented in 1994 used a three-tier agent deployment strategy. What was the primary function of the first tier of agents?

Deploy to fixed positions on the border to prevent illegal entry and apprehend those who attempt to enter

The Secure Fence Act of 2006 initially directed DHS to construct fencing along the southwest border. What was the original mileage requirement and how was it later modified?

850 miles initially which was reduced to not fewer than 700 miles in 2008 with flexibility for placement

According to the lesson page what does the balloon effect describe in the context of border security barriers?

How enforcement in one area displaces unauthorized crossings to other locations rather than preventing them entirely

According to the textbook what makes the Office of Air and Marine Operations significant in terms of organizational scale?

It is the worlds largest aviation and maritime law enforcement organization with more than 1600 federal agents and 240 aircraft

The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act) established specific requirements for employers. Which of the following was NOT a requirement under this act?

Employers must provide housing assistance to seasonal agricultural workers

According to the lesson page how do legal frameworks and enforcement realities interact over time?

Legal frameworks create the structure for enforcement but enforcement realities often drive legal reforms in response to operational challenges

According to the Burnett article what was the Department of Homeland Security Inspector General's main criticism of Customs and Border Protection?

CBP insisted on building walls even though the agency's own internal analysis indicated technology and boots on the ground were smarter solutions in certain regions

According to the textbook what trend occurred in Border Patrol apprehensions between the 1980s and 1990s?

Apprehensions grew from over one million per year in the 1980s to almost two million per year by the end of the 1990s

The Davis article discusses why autonomous surveillance towers are particularly suitable for deployment on private ranchlands and tribal lands. What is the primary reason landowners accept these towers?

The towers run on solar power with a small footprint requiring no digging scraping or infrastructure like power lines that could damage the land

According to the textbook how did the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 change U.S. immigration policy?

It abolished the national origins quota system and allowed entry through familial relationships with citizens or naturalized residents rather than job skills

The lesson page identifies distinct operational challenges created by different terrain types. Which of the following correctly matches a terrain type with its specific challenge?

Forested areas feature dense vegetation that provides concealment and limits detection capabilities

According to the Davis article what is the approximate coverage area that each 33-foot autonomous surveillance tower can monitor?

Three miles in diameter

The textbook describes how enforcement efforts in different sectors affected unauthorized crossing patterns. What displacement effect occurred in the mid-1990s?

When enforcement increased in Texas and California unauthorized crossings shifted to harsher routes in Arizona where apprehensions rose to over 700000

The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) included specific waivers to expedite fence construction. Which laws were waived?

The Endangered Species Act and the National Environmental Policy Act

The DHS article reports that in Fiscal Year 2023 the MQ-9 fleet contributed to significant enforcement outcomes. Which of the following statistics is correct?

Over 104000 detections and seizure of nearly 38000 pounds of illicit drugs

The Davis article describes how the autonomous surveillance towers use artificial intelligence. What is a key function of this AI system?

It continuously monitors areas and sorts out real concerns from false positives while handing off targets between towers

The lesson page describes the integration of air and ground capabilities as creating a force multiplier effect. What does this mean in operational terms?

Air assets extend the operational reach of limited ground forces while ground units provide apprehension capability that aerial surveillance alone cannot achieve

According to the Smarter Every Day video what is the approximate area of responsibility for Coast Guard Sector Mobile?

435 nautical miles of coastline

What is the difference between coastline and shoreline measurements?

Coastline uses a smoothed line across inlets and bays while shoreline measures actual land-water boundaries

According to the video what are the key pieces of information Coast Guard personnel need when responding to a distress call?

Position nature of distress number of people on board and description of vessel

What technology does the Coast Guard use to get real-time location information from people in distress as shown in the video?

911 system that sends a link to the person's phone which returns their position

According to NOC 2010 what is the purpose of globally distributed mission-tailored maritime forces?

To prevent or contain local disruptions before they impact the global system and foster cooperative relationships

According to the lesson materials what early maritime threat provided the impetus for establishing the US Navy in the 1790s?

Barbary pirates operating in the Mediterranean

What is the primary limitation of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) for maritime security?

Smugglers and bad actors can disable transponders or transmit false information

\What is the fundamental permeability problem with maritime borders compared to land borders?

Small vessels can approach coasts at any point making comprehensive surveillance functionally impossible

What makes the US Coast Guard unique compared to the US Navy?

Coast Guard personnel have federal law enforcement authority in addition to military duties

How is Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) defined in the National Strategy for Maritime Security?

Effective understanding of anything associated with the maritime domain that could impact US security safety economy or environment

Which of the following is NOT identified in the presentation as one of the five major threats to maritime security?

Nation-State threats

Which of the following describes the legal complexity of maritime borders?

Territorial waters contiguous zones and exclusive economic zones each carry different legal authorities

What percentage of US overseas cargo by weight moves through seaports?

99.4 percent

According to the video what is the correct organizational hierarchy of the Coast Guard from lowest to highest level?

Stations - Sector - District - Area – Headquarters

According to Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's 1890 publication what concept became foundational to modern US naval policy?

Defense in depth through control of sea lanes and maritime commerce protection

In the US maritime security architecture what is the primary role of the US Coast Guard?

Coastal and port security with law enforcement and regulatory duties

 In the video what is the difference between closing a case and suspending a case?

Closing means you found what you were looking for while suspending means you did not find it after extensive searching

According to the National Strategy for Maritime Security which strategic action involves pushing security measures upstream in the supply chain?

Deploy Layered Security

According to Captain Allen in the video what authority does he have as Captain of the Port?

He has authority to close and reopen ports such as during hurricanes

How does the C-TPAT (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism) program balance security and commerce?

Companies demonstrate secure supply chains in exchange for expedited processing