PSYCH CH 14

Psychopathology

The study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction.

Abnormality

What is considered 'abnormal' can change over time and differs between cultures.

Abnormal thinking

Having thoughts that are not realistic or are very negative.

Abnormal behavior

Actions that are very different from what most people do.

Hippocrates

Challenged the idea that illnesses were caused by supernatural forces, proposing they resulted from an imbalance in the body's humors.

Situational context

The social or environmental setting where a person’s behavior occurs.

Subjective discomfort

The emotional distress someone feels when they engage in certain thoughts or behaviors.

Maladaptive

Behaviors or thoughts that prevent a person from functioning well in daily life or adapting to stress.

Psychological disorder

A pattern of thinking or behavior that causes significant distress and hinders a person's ability to function.

Insanity defense

A legal argument used when a person with a mental illness commits a crime but cannot be held responsible at the time.

Biological model

Explains psychological disorders as being caused by biological factors, like brain chemistry and genetics.

Psychodynamic model

Suggests that disordered thinking and behavior occur due to repression of troubling thoughts and memories (based on Freud’s ideas).the

Cognitive psychology

The study of how people think, remember, and organize information.

Social perspective

Looks at how social interactions and cultural backgrounds shape abnormal thinking and behavior.

Cultural relativity

The idea that understanding mental health issues requires considering the unique characteristics of an individual's culture.

Cultural syndromes

Specific patterns of symptoms recognized within a particular culture.

Cultural idioms of distress

Phrases used within a culture to describe feelings of distress without referring to specific symptoms.

Biopsychosocial model

Views abnormal thinking and behavior as a result of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.

DSM-5

A book that classifies all the different types of psychological disorders and outlines their symptoms and diagnostic criteria.

RDoC project

A project aimed at creating a new way to classify psychological disorders, combining biological, psychological, and social factors.

ICD-10

The International Classification of Diseases, a system used to diagnose and classify health conditions.

Affect

Emotion or mood; how people show their feelings such as happiness or sadness.

Mood disorders

Disturbances in a person's emotional state leading to extreme feelings, such as deep sadness or excessive happiness.

Major depressive disorder

A severe form of depression significantly affecting a person's ability to function.

Manic

A state of excessive excitement, energy, or irritability, often seen in mood disorders.

Bipolar disorder

Mood swings ranging from manic to depressive episodes.

Behavioral

linked to learned helpessness

Cognitive

depression is linked to distorted thinking and negative self-defeating thoughts

Biological

depression is linked to variation in neurotransmitter systems depression is associated with changes in brain chemicals like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These neurotransmitters play crucial roles in mood regulation

Genetics

Family history can increase the risk of depression, suggesting a genetic component

Negative Thoughts

Persistent negative beliefs about oneself that can worsen depression.

Risk Factors in Adolescents

Specific social factors like gender, poverty, and behavior that increase the likelihood of depression.

Gray Matter Loss

Reduction in brain tissue associated with emotional regulation linked to neglect or abuse.

Functional Neuroimaging

Imaging studies reveal that brain activity can differ between depressed youth and adults, with some areas being more or less active

Anxiety disorder

A group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive or unrealistic anxiety.

Free-floating anxiety

Anxiety that is not linked to any specific cause or situation.

Phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.

Social anxiety disorder

A fear of social interactions where one might be judged or evaluated negatively.

Agoraphobia

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

Panic attack

A sudden episode of intense fear with physical symptoms, often feeling like one is dying.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, lasting six months or more.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Characterized by recurring intrusive thoughts (obsessions) relieved by repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A disorder that develops after experiencing a traumatic event, involving flashbacks and severe anxiety.

Acute stress discover (ASD)

a disorder occurs within a month of a traumatic event and includes symptoms like anxiety, dissociation, and flashbacks. If symptoms persist beyond a month, it may develop into PTSD

Magnification

cognitive distortion where individuals exaggerate the significance of negative events or downplay positive ones

All-or-nothing thinking

the tendency to see things in black-and-white terms, believing that if something isn’t perfect, it’s a total failure

Overgeneralization

 involves making broad conclusions based on a single event, interpreting one negative experience as a pattern of failure

Minimization

the tendency to downplay or ignore one’s successes and positive traits

Dissociative disorders

Disorders involving a disconnection between thoughts, memories, feelings, and identity.

Automatic pilot drinking

happens when the route is familiar and frequently traveled

Dissociative amnesia

Memory loss about personal information or events, often related to trauma.

Retrograde amnesia

involves the inability to recall memories formed before a specific event, often due to brain injury

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Involves having two or more distinct identities within one person.

Psychodynamic theory

Suggests mental disorders stem from the repression of unacceptable thoughts and feelings.

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

Feelings of detachment from oneself or the environment.

Eating disorders

Disorders characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and concerns about body weight.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder where individuals severely restrict their food intake.

Bulimia nervosa

Cycles of binge eating followed by purging behaviors to prevent weight gain.

Binge eating disorder

Recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging.

Sexual dysfunction

Difficulties experienced during any stage of sexual activity, affecting interest or arousal.

Sexual arousal disorder

involves the inability to achieve or maintain sexual arousal during sexual activity

Sexual desire disorder

includes a lack of sexual interest or activity over time

Sexual pain disorder

pain during sexual intercourse, making it difficult or impossible to engage in sexual activity

The orgasmic disorder

difficulty reaching orgasm during sexual stimulation

Sexual addiction

uncontrollable sexual behaviors or urges that can harm relationships and daily functioning

Organic factors

physical problems such as illnesses, side effects from medication, the effects of surgeries, physical disabilities, and even the use of illegal and legal drugs such as alcohol, and cocaine

Personality disorder

a person adopts a persistent rigid and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions

Paranoid personality disorder

A disorder where individuals believe everyone is out to get them.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

A disorder characterized by manipulative behavior and disregard for others' rights.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

A disorder marked by intense and unstable relationships and a strong fear of abandonment.

Dependent personality disorder

people that need constant attention and someone to take care of them

Schizophrenia

A severe disorder involving disordered thinking, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy.

Hallucination

False sensations, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there.

Disorganized Speech

include making up words or stringing together unrelated phrases, often referred to as "word salad."

Delusions

a person can't tell what's real from what's imagined. False beliefs that remain fixed despite evidence to the contrary.

Psychotic

a state where an individual cannot distinguish between what is real and what is not

Delusions of persecution

Beliefs that others are trying to harm the individual.

Delusions of Reference

Believing that common elements of the environment, like TV shows or conversations, are specifically about them

Delusions of influence

belief that one is being controlled by external forces, such as aliens or supernatural entities

Delusions of grandeur or grandiose delusion

belief that one has exceptional abilities or a special mission, often feeling powerful or important

Flat affect

condition in which the person shows little or no emotion expression

Catatonia

A state of disturbed behavior that can range from immobility to excessive movement.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Excesses of behavior, including hallucinations and delusions.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Reductions in normal functions, such as lack of emotion or social withdrawal.

Stress vulnerability model

Explains that disorders may develop under specific environmental stressors for those with biological sensitivity.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

An MRI technique that maps brain's white matter by tracking water molecule movement.

Gray Matter

This part of the brain processes information like thinking and controlling movements.

White Matter

This part contains long fibers that connect different brain areas, facilitating communication.