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Psychopathology
The study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction.
Abnormality
What is considered 'abnormal' can change over time and differs between cultures.
Abnormal thinking
Having thoughts that are not realistic or are very negative.
Abnormal behavior
Actions that are very different from what most people do.
Hippocrates
Challenged the idea that illnesses were caused by supernatural forces, proposing they resulted from an imbalance in the body's humors.
Situational context
The social or environmental setting where a person’s behavior occurs.
Subjective discomfort
The emotional distress someone feels when they engage in certain thoughts or behaviors.
Maladaptive
Behaviors or thoughts that prevent a person from functioning well in daily life or adapting to stress.
Psychological disorder
A pattern of thinking or behavior that causes significant distress and hinders a person's ability to function.
Insanity defense
A legal argument used when a person with a mental illness commits a crime but cannot be held responsible at the time.
Biological model
Explains psychological disorders as being caused by biological factors, like brain chemistry and genetics.
Psychodynamic model
Suggests that disordered thinking and behavior occur due to repression of troubling thoughts and memories (based on Freud’s ideas).the
Cognitive psychology
The study of how people think, remember, and organize information.
Social perspective
Looks at how social interactions and cultural backgrounds shape abnormal thinking and behavior.
Cultural relativity
The idea that understanding mental health issues requires considering the unique characteristics of an individual's culture.
Cultural syndromes
Specific patterns of symptoms recognized within a particular culture.
Cultural idioms of distress
Phrases used within a culture to describe feelings of distress without referring to specific symptoms.
Biopsychosocial model
Views abnormal thinking and behavior as a result of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
DSM-5
A book that classifies all the different types of psychological disorders and outlines their symptoms and diagnostic criteria.
RDoC project
A project aimed at creating a new way to classify psychological disorders, combining biological, psychological, and social factors.
ICD-10
The International Classification of Diseases, a system used to diagnose and classify health conditions.
Affect
Emotion or mood; how people show their feelings such as happiness or sadness.
Mood disorders
Disturbances in a person's emotional state leading to extreme feelings, such as deep sadness or excessive happiness.
Major depressive disorder
A severe form of depression significantly affecting a person's ability to function.
Manic
A state of excessive excitement, energy, or irritability, often seen in mood disorders.
Bipolar disorder
Mood swings ranging from manic to depressive episodes.
Behavioral
linked to learned helpessness
Cognitive
depression is linked to distorted thinking and negative self-defeating thoughts
Biological
depression is linked to variation in neurotransmitter systems depression is associated with changes in brain chemicals like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These neurotransmitters play crucial roles in mood regulation
Genetics
Family history can increase the risk of depression, suggesting a genetic component
Negative Thoughts
Persistent negative beliefs about oneself that can worsen depression.
Risk Factors in Adolescents
Specific social factors like gender, poverty, and behavior that increase the likelihood of depression.
Gray Matter Loss
Reduction in brain tissue associated with emotional regulation linked to neglect or abuse.
Functional Neuroimaging
Imaging studies reveal that brain activity can differ between depressed youth and adults, with some areas being more or less active
Anxiety disorder
A group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive or unrealistic anxiety.
Free-floating anxiety
Anxiety that is not linked to any specific cause or situation.
Phobia
An intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.
Social anxiety disorder
A fear of social interactions where one might be judged or evaluated negatively.
Agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
Panic attack
A sudden episode of intense fear with physical symptoms, often feeling like one is dying.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, lasting six months or more.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Characterized by recurring intrusive thoughts (obsessions) relieved by repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder that develops after experiencing a traumatic event, involving flashbacks and severe anxiety.
Acute stress discover (ASD)
a disorder occurs within a month of a traumatic event and includes symptoms like anxiety, dissociation, and flashbacks. If symptoms persist beyond a month, it may develop into PTSD
Magnification
cognitive distortion where individuals exaggerate the significance of negative events or downplay positive ones
All-or-nothing thinking
the tendency to see things in black-and-white terms, believing that if something isn’t perfect, it’s a total failure
Overgeneralization
involves making broad conclusions based on a single event, interpreting one negative experience as a pattern of failure
Minimization
the tendency to downplay or ignore one’s successes and positive traits
Dissociative disorders
Disorders involving a disconnection between thoughts, memories, feelings, and identity.
Automatic pilot drinking
happens when the route is familiar and frequently traveled
Dissociative amnesia
Memory loss about personal information or events, often related to trauma.
Retrograde amnesia
involves the inability to recall memories formed before a specific event, often due to brain injury
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Involves having two or more distinct identities within one person.
Psychodynamic theory
Suggests mental disorders stem from the repression of unacceptable thoughts and feelings.
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Feelings of detachment from oneself or the environment.
Eating disorders
Disorders characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and concerns about body weight.
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder where individuals severely restrict their food intake.
Bulimia nervosa
Cycles of binge eating followed by purging behaviors to prevent weight gain.
Binge eating disorder
Recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging.
Sexual dysfunction
Difficulties experienced during any stage of sexual activity, affecting interest or arousal.
Sexual arousal disorder
involves the inability to achieve or maintain sexual arousal during sexual activity
Sexual desire disorder
includes a lack of sexual interest or activity over time
Sexual pain disorder
pain during sexual intercourse, making it difficult or impossible to engage in sexual activity
The orgasmic disorder
difficulty reaching orgasm during sexual stimulation
Sexual addiction
uncontrollable sexual behaviors or urges that can harm relationships and daily functioning
Organic factors
physical problems such as illnesses, side effects from medication, the effects of surgeries, physical disabilities, and even the use of illegal and legal drugs such as alcohol, and cocaine
Personality disorder
a person adopts a persistent rigid and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions
Paranoid personality disorder
A disorder where individuals believe everyone is out to get them.
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
A disorder characterized by manipulative behavior and disregard for others' rights.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
A disorder marked by intense and unstable relationships and a strong fear of abandonment.
Dependent personality disorder
people that need constant attention and someone to take care of them
Schizophrenia
A severe disorder involving disordered thinking, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy.
Hallucination
False sensations, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there.
Disorganized Speech
include making up words or stringing together unrelated phrases, often referred to as "word salad."
Delusions
a person can't tell what's real from what's imagined. False beliefs that remain fixed despite evidence to the contrary.
Psychotic
a state where an individual cannot distinguish between what is real and what is not
Delusions of persecution
Beliefs that others are trying to harm the individual.
Delusions of Reference
Believing that common elements of the environment, like TV shows or conversations, are specifically about them
Delusions of influence
belief that one is being controlled by external forces, such as aliens or supernatural entities
Delusions of grandeur or grandiose delusion
belief that one has exceptional abilities or a special mission, often feeling powerful or important
Flat affect
condition in which the person shows little or no emotion expression
Catatonia
A state of disturbed behavior that can range from immobility to excessive movement.
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Excesses of behavior, including hallucinations and delusions.
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Reductions in normal functions, such as lack of emotion or social withdrawal.
Stress vulnerability model
Explains that disorders may develop under specific environmental stressors for those with biological sensitivity.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
An MRI technique that maps brain's white matter by tracking water molecule movement.
Gray Matter
This part of the brain processes information like thinking and controlling movements.
White Matter
This part contains long fibers that connect different brain areas, facilitating communication.
