Human & Health Disease Exam 1

Traditionally, people were considered …; if they did not have…

WHO broke new ground with its definition of health as a …

Physical health refers to the…

Mental health includes…

Social health means …

healthy; symptoms of disease

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being

Biological integrity of the individual

Emotional & intellectual capabilities, or individuals sense of well-being

Ability of individual to interact effectively w/ other people & social environment

Spiritual health reflects the idea that people’s…

Well-being is a relative state in which you maximize your…

Socioecological model of health identifies the …

Health is not just…

Complex external factors that influence an individuals/populations health are known as…; it is also what…

value systems or beliefs have an impact on their overall health

Physical, emotional, spiritual functioning to live a healthy life

Complex levels & interrelationships that influence your health

The absence of disease

Social determinants of health; determines health

Social determinants of health highlights conditions in which you are…; which influences…

They include…

Population health is the study of …

Demographics are …

Environmental factors that influence your health can be divided into….

born, grow, live, work, & age; the options you have

Income, economic status, literacy, discrimination, housing, etc

Health outcomes in or between groups of individuals

Statistical information about groups of people

Built and natural 

Health disparities are differences in …

Disparities can result from…

Health equity occurs when all people have the…

Ethnicity refers to the sense of …

Race is a term used to describe …

health outcomes between specific populations such as in racial groups

Systemic & avoidable social & economic practices that create barriers

Equal opportunity to attain their full health potential

Identity individuals draw from a common ancestry

Ethnic groups based on physical characteristics such as skin color 

Socioeconomic status explains or complicates…

It has possibly the most…; with worse health status strongly associated

income inequality is the …

Geographical and racial/ethnic differences

Significant impact on health outcomes; with poverty

Gap between rich and poor within a population

Health is inherently…

Public health is a discipline that focuses on…

Public health efforts include both…

Health promotion consists of actions designed to maintain a …

Disease prevention focuses on …

linked to health of people around you

The health of populations of people

Health promotion and disease prevention 

Current health state or encourage a more desirable one

Defensive actions to ward off specific diseases & their consequences

Public health measures can improve the …

Public health initiatives must balance the needs and rights of … 

Community implies an…

Community health refers to activities directed toward…

Example of government role & interest in health of population is…

health of populations through education, engineering & enforcement

Individuals against needs & rights of other members of the population

Interdependence between people and organization w/in region

Improving the health of those people

Healthy People Initiative

Healthy people initiative is effort among federal/state governments to…

The objectives identify the significant preventable …; and establish…

It emphasizes…; which are factors that affect the health of…

set health objectives for the united states

Threats to health; goals for improving quality of life for all

Health determinants; individuals, communities, or entire populations

Health Belief Model (1950s) was developed as a framework for…

According to the model, health behaviors are influenced by…

Which are…

understanding why people make the health choice they do

Four perceptions

Perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness of consequences, perceived benefits of specific action, & perceived barriers to taking action

Developed in 1990s, the Stages of Change Model or…

Is another widely accepted framework for …

Recognizes that change happens as a …

Takes into account not only a person’s…

How many stages of change are there? What are they?

Transtheoretical Model 

Understanding individual health behavior change

Process, not a one-time event

Knowledge but also feelings, behaviors, relationships and self-efficacy

6; precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, & termination

Pre-contemplation is when you have; & may not even be…

Contemplation is when you realize you have a…; you weigh the…

Preparation is when the …; you set…

Action is when you …; commit…

Maintenance is when you have been doing the…

Termination is when the new behavior has become such a part of life…

no motivation to change behavior; aware that behavior is a problem

Problem behavior; pros and cons of making a change 

Pros win & you have plan for change; goals & start date

Implement behavior change; time & energy to make it work

New behavior for at least 6 months

That you have no temptation to return to old behavior

Health literacy is the ability to find, understand & use  …

Misinformation is information that is ….

Disinformation is a subset of misinformation that is intentionally…

Health risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard…

Information & services to inform health-related decisions & actions

Inaccurate or misleading relative to best scientific evidence

Promoted to serve a malicious purpose such as for gain

Can result in negative consequences 

Different ways to categorize research studies are…

Our bodies are made up of about…; genetic instructions is stored in…

DNA has 4 building blocks or bases called…

Complete set of DNA is called…; DNA is divided into …; one set from..

Apparently 21,000 of these genes serve as..; meaning they are…

basic medical research, epidemiological studies, & clinical studies

260 diff types of cells; form of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, & thymine

Genome; 23 pairs of chromosomes; each pair comes from each parent

Protein-coding templates; transcribed into RNA

Differentiation is when…

Once a cell is differentiated, it can no longer…; alleles are…

Stem cells are…; present in an…; retained within …

Mutation is when…; can cause different…

genes turn on or off to regulate this activity

Become other cell types; alternative forms of genes

Unspecialized cells; embryo; tissues or adult stem cells

Changes occur in a gene; meaning or instructions to be sent to cells

Dominant allele is; determines…; recessive allele will be…

Multifactorial disorders are when majority of health conditions are caused by…

Examples of these disorders include…

Environment can interact with our…; which can be passed…

Epigenetics is a new study where researchers are identifying how…

expressed; appearance ; hidden by dominant allele & isn’t expressed

interactions among genes, environment & health behaviors

Heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, & schizophrenia 

Genome; from generation to generation

Health risks can be passed from generation independent of DNA sequence changes

Family health tree is also called a …; it is a visual…

Tree includes …; basic info includes…

US has population with a shorter …; & worse…

US has higher rates of…

Genogram & genetic pedigree; representation of family’s genetic history 

Parents/siblings/grandparents/cousins; date of birth, major diseases

average lifespan; health outcomes

Infant mortality, injury & homicide, STI & pregnancy in youth, & more

Family health tree can be difficult because of the …

US surgeon general launched campaign called…; encourages families..

What can you learn from health tree?

gathering family health info bc can be taboo to discuss death/diseases

Family History Initiative; to use opportunities to discuss health problems

Early onset of disease, appearance of disease, genetic diseases

Important starting point in individual health-related choices is…

As US becomes more multiethnic/cultural, advances in medicine …

Health challenges for individuals includes learning to be…

Health challenges for society include finding balance between the…

personal genetic makeup

Have not reached many minority & low socioeconomic communities

more informed consumers of health info & making lifestyle decisions

Freedom of individuals to make their own choices & society to protect individuals from making poor choices & increasing access to affordable health care

Mental health encompasses several aspects of …; including…

It includes the capacity to respond to challenges in ways that allow…

Many mental health problems are triggered or worsened by…

Positive psychology focuses on positive…

Six broad virtues of outcome of positive psychology are…

health & wellness; emotional, psychological, cognitive, spiritual

Continued growth & forward movement in life

Stress

emotions, character strengths, & conditions that create happiness

Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence

Character is a combination of…; that can provide basis for…

Most commonly endorsed strengths are…

Characteristics of those described as mentally healthy are…

Self-actualization developed by Maslow in 1960s as a model of…

thoughts/feelings/behaviors & increased selfawareness; self-confidence

Kindness, fairness, authenticity, gratitude, & open-mindedness

High self-esteem, altruistic, optimistic, creative, realistic

Human personality development in hierarchy of needs theory

Maslow proposed once people meet their needs for…

Then they have opportunities for…

Optimism is the general…

Top of ladder; 2nd; 3rd; 4th; 5th

survival, safety/security, love/belonging, achievement & self-esteem

Self-exploration & expression that can lead to reaching full potential

Expectation that things will turn out well

Self-actualization; self-esteem; love/belonging, safety/security, physiological needs

Resilience is the ability to…

Happiness has 3 components which are…

Most important in giving people satisfaction & happiness are…

Emotional intelligence where people recognize

bounce back from adverse events

Positive emotion/pleasure, engagement, & meaning

Engagement & meaning

& understand their emotions

Grief is a …; often expressed by…

Bereavement after loss of loved one usually occurs in 4 phases …

Process of dying includes 5 stages in Kubler-Ross model which are…

Treatment options include…

Human brain is called the most …; control station for …

natural reaction to loss; feelings of sadness, loneliness, anger, guilt

Numbness & shock, separation, disorganization, & reorganization

Denial/isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, & acceptance

Support groups, family therapy, & individual counseling

Complex structure in universe; human intelligence, feeling, creativity

Previously, scientists thought that …

In fact … % of structure of brain is formed by…

During adolescence, these new brain cells are …

Limbic system related to …; become more powerful at…

Prefrontal cortex controls…; does not mature until..

This evolutionary process may leave teens & young adults…

brain development was completed in childhood

95; age of 6

Pruned and consolidated leading to more mature, adult brain by 20s

emotion; puberty

Impulses; 20s

More prone to take risks while allowing them to respond to environment

Frontal cortex is part of brain where…

Mental disorders are caused by complex interactions of…

Cognitive mental disorders which affect…

Can be caused by..; examples are…

executive functions like planning & organizing are controlled

Biological factors, psychological processes, social influence, etc

Learning, memory, & problem-solving abilities 

Tumors, brain trauma, or stroke; disease, dementia, & amnesia 

Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals responsible for the ….

There are …; but .. are particularly important in mental disorders; are…

GABA is a chemical messenger that…

Typically found in…

transmission of signals from one brain cell to the next

Dozens; 4; norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin & GABA

Promotes relaxation & inhibits excitation

High concentrations in hypothalamus & hippocampus

Norepinephrine are …

Dopamine are…

Serotonin are…

Gamma-aminobutyric acid are…

active during the stress response

Implicated in schizophrenia

Implicated in mood disorders

Implicated in anxiety

According to DSM-5, mental disorder is a pattern of behavior in an…

Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by …

Examples are …

individual that’s associated w/ stress/disability or with increased risks

Developmental deficits or differences in brain processes that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

Autism spectrum disorders, Tic disorders, & ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most…

What plays a large role in it though it isn’t clear what causes it?

Autism spectrum disorder is a group of developmental brain disorders..

Symptoms generally appear in the 1st…; symptoms include…

common childhood disorders & can continue into adulthood

Genetics

That can cause social, communication & behavioral difficulties 

2 years of life; avoiding eye contact, displaying repetitive actions, etc.

Mood disorders also called….; include …

They are among the most …

People of all…; but average age at onset is the …

Appears that increased use of…; is related to increases in…

depressive disorders or affective disorders; bipolar disorder

Common mental disorders worldwide

Ages can get depressed including children/adolescents; mid-20s

Social media; depression

When someone struggles w/ major depression, they are depressed for

DSM-5-TR defines persistent depressive disorder as someone who has

Symptoms of depression include…

Major depressive order is when person experiences …

min of two weeks & have loss of interest that interferes w/daily activities

Depressed mood for 2 yrs or longer, most of day for more days than not

Depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities

one or more episodes of depression lasting at least 2 weeks

Bipolar disorder experiences …

Manic episode is a distinct period during which person has…

Individuals experiencing manic episodes may be

Bipolar disorder occurs equally in…; average age at onset of about…

one or more manic episodes, often alternating depressive episodes

An abnormally elevated mood

Euphoric & full of energy or highly irritable

Men & women; 20

Anxiety disorders are the most…

Many of these disorders are characterized by a …

Which is a physiological & psychological experience of…

Symptoms include …

Panic attacks usually occur …; & last for a …

common mental disorders affecting U.S. adults

Panic attack

Apprehension or intense fear in absence of real danger

Heart palpitations, sweating, SOB, chest pain, feeling of going crazy

Suddenly; discrete period of time reaching a peak within 10 minutes

Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent…

Attacks may be triggered by a …

Specific phobia is an intense fear of a …; to which evokes…

Examples include…

Social phobia is an intense fear of …

unexpected panic attacks along with concern about having another

Situation, or they may come out of nowhere

specific activity, situation, or object; immediate anxiety

Fear of flying, heights, specific animals/insects, and blood

Certain kinds of social or performance situations leading them to avoid such situations

Generalized anxiety disorder is excessive & uncontrollable…

Obsessive compulsive disorder is characterized by…

Substance use disorder is classified as …

Key characteristic of addiction is continued…; despite negative

Person with physiological dependence experiences …

worrying usually far out of proportion to likelihood of the feared event

Persistent & intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause anxiety

A mental disorder

Compulsive use of substance/involvement in behavior; consequences

Tolerance and withdrawal

Tolerance is reduced sensitivity to..

Withdrawal is …

Tolerance & withdrawal are indicators that …

Even without physiological dependence, the person can…

its effects such that increased doses are needed to give the same high

Uncomfortable symptoms that occur when substance use stops

The brain and body adapted to the substance

Experience psychological dependence

Psychotic disorders are characterized by…; person lost touch with…

Most common psychotic disorder is …;person w/schizophrenia has…

Signs & symptoms usually appear between ages of …

Also has a …

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior; reality

Schizophrenia; disorganized thinking/perceptions & bizarre ideas

16 and 30

Genetic component

Major public health concerns, particularly among young people, is…

In US, who’s more likely to attempt than who?

Major risk factors are…

Certain behavioral signs that indicate this is…

suicide

Women than men

relationship problems, substance use, crisis in past/upcoming 2 weeks

Comments abt death, increasing social isolation, intensified moodiness

Self-injury sometimes known as…

Is defined as any …

Specific behaviors include …

Psychotherapy is the development of a positive…

self-harm, self-mutilation, self-injurious behavior

Intentional injury to your own body

Cutting, burning, scratching, branding, & head banging

Interpersonal relationship bt person seeking help & a therapist

Symptoms of schizophrenia/psychotic disorders can be treated w/…

Symptoms of mood disorders can be relieved with…

These act on the …

Symptoms of anxiety disorders can be reduced with …; or…

antipsychotics

Several different types of antidepressants

Neurotransmitters serotonin & norepinephrine

anti-anxiety drugs; anxiolytics

Stress is understood to be an individual’s perception & subsequent…

Stress produces symptoms such as…

Stressors are …

Estress is …

Not all stress is …; under certain circumstances, stress might even…

reaction to a harmful, challenging, & possibly threatening event

Headaches & feelings of being overwhelmed, sad, or depressed

Events or agents in environment that cause us stress

Positive stress

Bad; improve recall and performance 

Stress response is series of physiological changes that occur in…

It is also known as the…

Stress response is carried out by…

Which controls…; such as…

It has two branches which are …

The body in the face of a threat

Fight-flight or freeze response

Autonomic nervous system

Involuntary, unconscious functions; breathing, heart rate, digestion

Sympathetic branch & parasympathetic branch

Sympathetic branch initiates the …

When stressful event is over, parasympathetic branch turns off…

Homeostasis is a state of stability and balance in which…

Process is called the …

Stress response

Stress response & returns the body to normal

Functions are maintained within a normal range

Relaxation response

Body is equipped to deal with…

As long as it does not happen…; and as long as you can…

Many people live in state of …; which is a …

Particularly those in …; in which stressful conditions are ongoing…

Weathering is the…

short-term acute stress

Too often; relax and recover afterward

Chronic stress; frequent or persistent stress response

Marginalized groups; & stress response continues w/o resolution

Physical toll of constant stress on bodies of those who face ethnic, class & religious discrimination

General Adaptations Syndrome (GAS) explains the …

Syndrome has … stages; which are …

Chronic stress can …

Stress inhibits…; leads to …

physiological changes he observed & predictable responses to stressor 

3; alarm, resistance, & exhaustion

Weaken body symptoms

Tissue repair; sexual problems

Alarm stage is when body’s..; accompanied by reduced…

Resistance stage is when the body uses energy to cope with the …

Exhaustion stage is when after prolonged exposure to stress, the body may either…; & become totally…; leading to …

fight or flight response is activated; immune system functioning

Continued stress & stay at peak level

Recover or enter exhaustion stage; depleted; illness & even death

Stress decreases…

Stress response causes heart rate to …; chronic stress causes them to

Acute stress disorder is when a person develops …

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a condition characterized by a sense of…; repeated …; & avoidance of …

immune function

Accelerate & blood pressure to increase; remain elevated 4 long period

Symptoms after experiencing severe trauma 

Numbness or emotional detachment from people; reliving of event through flashbacks; things associated with the trauma 

Adjustment disorder is where a response to a stressor continues…

1970s, 2 cardiologists described 2 behavior patterns: Type A tend to…

Hostility is defined as an …

Type B has a …; more…; less…

Type C personalities are…

Type D appear to hold in…; not very…; experience…

for a longer period than would normally be expected

Be impulsive, need to get things done quickly, live on timed schedule

Ongoing accumulation of irritation & anger

Less driven & more relaxed personality; easygoing; readily frustrated

Introverted, detail-oriented who may have trouble communicating

Negative emotions; expressive; negative emotions such as anger

Hardiness is an …

Sources of stress…

Common sources or stress for members of modern society are…

Weathering is a stress-related biological process that leaves…

Burnout is an …

effective style of coping w/ stress

Societal pressures, weathering, life events, college, job, anger, trauma

Intolerance, prejudice, injustice, poverty, pressure to conform

Marginalized groups of people at risk of early death/disease/disability

Adverse, work-related stress reaction w/ physical, psychological, behavioral components

Ineffective ways to manage stress include…

Effective & healthy stress management approaches include…

One key to reducing stress is …

Studies show that this decreases the …

tobacco use, alcohol abuse, drug use, use of food

Listening to music, socializing, going to movies, reading

Maintaining mental health & achieving meaningful spiritual life

Stress response hormones in the body

Most popular & effective stress buster available is …

It has a positive effect on both…

Relaxation techniques seem to have an effect on …

Some examples include …

exercise

Physical & mental functioning & helps people withstand stress

Physiological functions including blood pressure, heart rate, etc.

Deep breathing, progressive relaxation, mindfulness-based meditation, yoga, visualization, t’ai chi, & biofeedback

Resilience is ability to …

Relationships are at the …

Friendship is a …

Types of relationships…

Different kinds of love include …

Bounce back after or recover following difficult situation

Heart of human experience

Reciprocal relationship based on mutual likening & caring

Friendship & intimate 

Romantic love, infatuation, liking, companionate love, consummate love, fatuous love, & empty love

Key factors in attraction are…

Ways to find romantic relationships

Passionate love is a state of …

Similiarity theory is theory that we …

Social exchange theory is when falling in love is based on …

proximity, physical attractiveness, & similarity

Social connections, social media, dating sites (online dating)

Intense longing for union with another

Fall in love with people who are similar to us in important ways

Exchange of commodities such as love, status, property, & services

Sternberg proposed view of love with 3 dimensions which are …

Intimacy is the emotional component of …

Passion is the …; includes…

Commitment is the …

Early stage of a love relationship is…

intimacy, passion, & commitment 

Love & includes feelings of closeness, warmth, openness, & affection

Sexual component of love; attraction, romance, excitement 

Decision aspect of relationship where u pledge to stay in good & bad

Romantic, idealistic, & passionate

Passion alone is …; high intensity …

Commitment alone is a …

Both intimacy and passion is considered…

Intimacy & commitment but no passion is more of a …; called …

When intimacy, passion, and commitment is present, it is …

Most common type of committed relationship is…

infatuation; early stage of love relationship 

Dutiful, obligatory relationship

Romantic love

Long-term friendship; companionate love

Consummate love

Marriage 

Nonverbal communication is a form of…; takes place through…

Nonverbal behavior is part of the …; it is the unspoken…

Metamessage encompasses …

Assertiveness means …

Valuable in a relationship?; normal part of healthy relationship?

communication; facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, body position

Meta message; message you send or get when you are communicating

all conscious & unconscious aspects of a message

Speaking up for yourself w/o violating someone else’s rights

Forgiveness; conflict

Linguistics scholar Deborah Tannen explains that gender differences…

Tannen suggests that men are …

While women are…

Men feel …; don’t want to take…

Women inclined to do…; believe question is not only question, but…

in communication patterns have a significant impact on relationships

More likely to use communication to compete

More likely to use communication to connect

Oppressed by lengthy discussions; orders

What is asked of them; opening for a negotiation

Cohabitation is a relationship…

Blended families are where one or both partners …

3 basic qualities seem to make partnerships/families strong …

Cohesion is the dynamic balance between …

Flexibility is the dynamic between…

Communication is tool that partners & families use to adjust…

in which two people of opposite sex live together as unmarried partners

Bring children from previous marriage 

Cohesion, flexibility, & communication 

Separateness & togetherness in both couple & family relationships

Stability & change 

Levels of cohesion or flexibility when change is needed

Community is a group of people connected in …

Public health issues that affect all of us include…

Values is the criteria for …

Spirituality is commonly defined as a person’s…

a way that transcends casual attachment 

Child abuse, smoking, syringe exchange, vaccinations, presenteeism

Judging what’s good and bad; underlie moral principles & behavior

Connection to self, significant others, & community at large                    

Circadian rhythm is an internal…

National Sleep Foundation developed the …; as measured by of …

Recommended hours of sleep are …

Sleep is commonly understood as a period of …

daily cycle of waking & sleeping

Sleep Health Index; sleep duration, sleep quality, & disordered sleep

7-9 hours

Rest & recovery from the demands of wakefulness

Sleep can be described as a state of unconsciousness …

It is strongly associated with …

During deepest stages of sleep, what takes place?

Growth hormones stimulates the …; prevents …

or partial consciousness from which person can be roused

Overall health & quality of life

Restoration & growth take place

Growth & repair of body’s tissues; certain types of cancer

Natural immune system moderators increase to promote…

When sleep time is deficient, a breakdown in body’s…

Short sleep is …; increases the risk for …

Long sleep is …

resistance to viral infections

Health-promoting processes can occur

Sleeping less than 7 hours; negative health outcomes in men & women

Sleeping 10 hours or more

Microsleeps are when you…

Associated disorders are…

Sleep deprivation is a condition caused by the …

Chronic sleep deprivation damages..

fall asleep for a few seconds

Sleep deprivation & sleep disorders 

Achievement of less sleep than person actually needs to feel vibrant

Brain cells & impairs debris removal 

Sleep debt is …

Circadian rhythms are rhythmic changes that help you move…

Maintained primarily by how many tiny structures in the brain…

What is it? Where is it located?

sleeping less than you need

from waking to sleep and back to waking

2

Suprachiasmic nucleic; hypothalamus directly behind optic nerve

These tiny structures in the brain form an …

Which controls …

SCN controls release of …; such as…

Which is a hormone that …

internal biological clock

Body temperature & levels of alertness and activity 

Certain hormones; melatonin

Increases relaxation and sleepiness & signal pituary gland to release

Important in maintaining circadian rhythms are …

Sleep consists of …; in which …

Brain cycles into … main states of sleep; which are…

external environmental cues, especially light

Stages; muscle relaxation & nervous system arousal vary

2; non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep has how many stages?

Spend how much time in this stage

It is a time of …

4

75% of sleep time

Reduced brain activity

Stage 1 is …; a …

Heart rate …; breathing becomes…; may last…

Stage 2 is when brain activity…; you stop…

This lack of movement…; lasts about…

Stages 3 & 4 is when BP, HR…

Referred to as …; usually spend about …

transitional, light sleep; relaxed or half-awake state

Slows; shallow and rhythmic; 10 seconds to 10 minutes

Slows further; moving

Decreases muscle tension & brain stem simulation; 10 to 20 min

Drops and blood supply to brain minimized

Deep sleep; 20 to 40 minutes at a time

REM sleep begins about … after you have fallen asleep

Breathing and heart rate…; brain wave activity is of a …

Characterized by …; usually lasting between…

What usually occurs in this stage of sleep?

70 to 90 minutes

Increases; waking state

Noticeable eye movements; 1 to 10 minutes

Dreams

REM sleep paralysis is when you have no…; & your body…

If not immobilized, there is a danger that you would …

REM sleep appears to give brain opportunity to …

REM sleep is sometimes called …; because the sleeper appears…

muscle tone; cannot move

Act on or out your dreams

File important ideas and thoughts into long-term storage

Paradoxical sleep; peaceful and still but is in state of physiological arousal

REM rebound effect is when if you get inadequate sleep a lot, you will..

After first REM period, you cycle …

Typically, you experience …

Common sleep disorders affecting college students include…

Experience longer & more frequent periods of REM sleep

Back and forth between REM and NREM sleep stages

Four or five sleep cycles each night 

Insomnia, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, and nocturnal eating disorders 

Insomnia is defined as…

Clinical symptoms include taking…; experiencing…

Sleeping less than …; experiencing less than…

Can be caused by …

difficulty falling or staying asleep

Longer than 30 min to fall asleep; 5 or more awakenings per night

Total of 6.5 hrs as a result of awakenings; 15 min of deep sleep

Stress, anxiety, medical problems, poor sleep environments, etc.

Sleep apnea is a condition characterized by…

Scientists have distinguished two main types of sleep apnea which are..

periods of non breathing during sleep

Central sleep apnea & obstructive sleep apnea 

Central sleep apnea is a …; brain fails to …

Obstructive sleep apnea is the …; where upper airway is…

Individuals with obstructive are frequently …

Can be addressed with …

Cases of severe sleep apnea can be addressed with…

rare condition; regulate diaphragm & other breathing mechanisms 

More common type; obstructed during sleep

Overweight and have excess of soft tissue in neck and throat

Losing weight, not smoking, firm pillow mattress, no alcohol nightcaps

CPAP machine (continuous positive airway pressure)

Light snoring is less than…; it is…

Primary snoring is snoring more than…

Obstructive sleep apnea snoring is major health problem increasing…

Treatment of snoring includes….

3 nights per week; normal

3 nights a week

Risk for heart attacks and stroke; dangerous

Maintaining healthy weight, limiting alcohol, nasal surgery

Sleep latency test is a measure of …

Ways to get good nights sleep is by …

how long it takes you to fall asleep

Limiting technology because of artificial light, establish good sleep habits, maintain regular sleep schedule, be smart about napping, sleep-friendly environment, avoid nicotine/caffeine/alcohol

Adequate sleep gives body time for …

Sleep deprivation is associated with a wide range of issues ranging…

Humans have a circadian rhythm slightly longer than …

Coronasomnia refers to …

repair, recovery, renewal 

Cardiovascular disease to depression to overweight & obesity

24 hours 

Insomnia caused by COVID-19