Unit 7 Vocabulary AP Human Geography

unit 7 industries and economic processes

Industry

any economic activity that uses machinery on a large scale to process raw materials into finished goods

Industrialization

the process by which the interaction of social and economic factors leads to the development of industries

Industrial Revolution

a revolution that began in Europe and North America that marked the shift from small-scale, hand-crafted production to power-driven mass production

Cottage Industries

members of families spread out in rural areas working in their homes to make goods

Economic Sectors

the structure of a country’s economy by distinct economic activities that can be categorized into sectors. These sectors consist of the primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary.

Primary Sector

economic activity that involves harvesting raw materials from the earth

Secondary Sector

economic activity that involves turning raw materials into finished products

Tertiary Sector

economic activity that focuses on providing goods and services

Quaternary Sector

subsection of the tertiary that involves specialized services and frontier research

Quinary Sector

a subset of the quaternary sector that involves leadership in frontier industries like government and science

Postindustrial Economy

an economic pattern marked by extremely low primary sector employment, relatively low secondary sector employment, and predominant tertiary sector employment

Gross Domestic Product

the total value of all goods and services produced by a country’s citizens and companies within the country in a year

Dual Economy

two distinct divisions of economic activity across the economic sectors within a country or region

Least-Cost Theory

a model that geographers use to analyze spatial patterns in the secondary economic sector. The theory considers the factors that influence where enterprises locate manufacturing production

Agglomeration

the advantage for companies in the same or similar industries in locating near each other in order to take advantage of specialized labor, materials, and services

Break-of-Bulk Points

locations where it is economically advantageous to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them farther. These sites are often located at places where the mode of transportation changes

Industrial Parks

areas where a cluster of industrial sites are located

Bulk-Reducing Industries

industries where raw materials cost more to transport than finished goods

Bulk-Gaining Industries

industries where finished goods cost more to transport than raw materials

Human Development

the processes involved in the improvement of people’s freedoms, rights, capabilities, choices, and material conditions

Gross National Income

the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the country’s population

Human Development Index

a measure that includes three key measures of human development; life expectancy at birth, access to education, and standard of living; to determine overall levels of development of countries

Gender Development Index

a measure that uses health, knowledge, and standard of living and compares them by gender to determine gender disparity

Gender Inequality Index

a measure that calculates gender inequality in three categories; reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation

Gross National Product

the total vale of the goods and services produced by a country’s citizens and companies both domestically and internationally in year

Formal Sector

businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are taxed

Informal Sector

any part of a country’s economy that is outside of government regulation and is not taxed

Microloans

very small short-term loans with low interest intended to help people in need

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

an economic development model that measures a country’s economic development in 5 stages; traditional society, the most primitive form of organization, preconditions for takeoff, where people begin to seek inventions and technology to innovate the production process, takeoff, where industrial processes begin to take hold, drive to maturity, where a country’s economic successes begin to become the norm, and high mass consumption, when a country enters the post-industrial stage

Dependency Theory

the description of the development challenges and limitations faced by poorer countries and the political and economic relationships poorer countries have with richer countries

Comparative Advantage

the relative cost advantages of producing certain goods and services for trade rather than in-country consumption

Complementary Advantage

the mutually beneficial trade relationship between two countries that results when they have different comparative advantages

Neoliberalism

the belief that open markets and free trade across the globe will lead to economic development everywhere

Deindustrialization

the change that occurs with the decline in the percent of workers employed in the secondary sector and a reduction of a region’s industrial capacity or activity

Growth Poles

places of economic activity clustered around one or more high-growth industries that stimulate economic growth by capitalizing on some special asset

Just-in-time Delivery

the process of using computer logistics to ensure that materials are delivered when they are needed for short-term production so that companies can avoid paying to store extra inventory at their facilities

Fordism

the faster and more efficient production strategy of automation, standardization, economies of scale, and a division of labor in which each worker has just one task

Post-Fordism

the system of production that relies on automation through the use of robots and computer systems and is centered on low-volume manufacturing and flexible systems that allow for quick responses to changes in the market

Offshore Outsourcing

the process of companies increasingly moving production to places outside the country in which they are headquartered

International Division of Labor

a division of labor based on the world systems theory in which periphery countries participate in a different sector of labor than the core

Special Economic Zones

an area within a country that is subject to different and more beneficial economic regulations than other areas

Export Processing Zones

sites where manufacturing of exports is done without tariffs

Free Trade Zones

economic zones that provide customs-related advantages and exemptions from tariffs and taxes

Ecotourism

a type of tourism that can gain revenue with minimal environmental impact