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What do Chubb and Moe ( Consumer Choice ) say has failed?
State education has failed and needs to be opened up to more market forces. Private school is better because it answers to consumersl.
What is meant by marketisation?
this is the belief that education should be viewed as an education market. Students are consumers and schools should compete to attract pupils.
Why was the 1988 Education Reform Act Introduced?
To improve educational standards through the marketisation of education and create parentocracy.
What was meant by open enrolment?
Open enrolment meant that parents had choice to enrol their child into any school. They not longer had to place their child in a school due to proximity.
Benefit of open enrolment
Successful schools recruit more pupils and parents look for high performing schools, increases competition and standards.
What is formula funding?
Schools are allocated funds based on how many pupils they attract
Benefits of formula funding
encourages competition within schools as they aim to appear as attractive as possible to attract as many students.
What is meant by the league table?
Schools exam results are ranked in a table, the highest achieving schools at the top and the lowest achieving schools at the bottom.
What is an example of a league table?
An OFSTED rating.
Aim of league table?
Aimed to increase choice as it allowed parents to compare the standard of education in different schools.
Effect of league tables? ( to do with middle class benefit) BARTLETT---cream skimming.
Cream-skimming---- 'Good' schools becoming more selective. Recruiting high achieving, mainly middle class students.
What does 'BARTLETT' stand for in the context of schools?
Silt-shifting
What does 'Silt-shifting' refer to in the context of schools?
Good schools avoiding less able pupils to maintain their position on the league table.
BARLETT--- which pupils are schools most likely to avoid (silt-shifting)?
Working class pupils.
What was meant by the national curriculum?
Each school followed a standardised curriculum. This ensured that local communities did not create a biased curriculum.
Benefit of the new right policies?
This means that GCSE pass rate has steadily increased as the UK becomes an increasingly competitive market.
Downside of new right policies?
Children now live in the fear of Sats and school is no longer focused on play like before.
Gewirtz (1995)-- Parental Choice. Who does marketisation benefit?
Marketisation benefits the middle class and created class inequalities.
What did Gewirtz study?
He did a study of 14 London Secondary Schools and found 3 different types of parents.
Bourdeui--- Cultural capital?
this is the skills, languages, knowledges and attitudes that benefit that middle class in education.
Who did Gewirtz refer to as the privelleged-skilled choosers?
Professional middle class parents with a high economic and cultural capital.
What are the features of the privelleged-skilled choosers?
Confident understanding of the education administration system.
Who did Gewirtz refer to as the disconnected local choosers ?
Working class parents who lack economic and cultural capital.
What are the features of the disconnected local choosers?
They lacked confidence with the school administration system.
Placed emphasis on facilities rather than the school itself.
Who did Gewirtz refer to as the semi-skilled choosers?
Those who were mainly working class, they had ambitions for their children but lacked economic and cultural capital.
Features of the semi-skilled choosers?
Could not make sense of the administration process.
David (parentocracy)
Increased school diversity
Increased school choice
Increased standards of education.
What was the comprehensives of the 1970's trying to eradicate?
Grammar schools that gave middle class students an advantage.
Outline two ways that schools may promote competition between pupils. (4 marks)
One way is through rewards---- pupils are encouraged to compete with each other. Those who perform best are rewarded.
Setting-- those in lower sets compete with those in higher sets to move into higher sets.
Outline three ways in which education system is seen as patriarchal ( 6 marks)
Teacher bias----- teachers may may encourage boys to persure STEM jobs. These are the highest paying jobs.
Curriculum--- in subjects such as history the course content consists of more males than females, indicating inequalities.
Male gaze----- girls suffer more from this. This means that girls are seen as sexual objects.
Analyse two ways in which relationships and processes within school may lead to anti-school subcultures. (10 marks)
---- Item A identifies the process of labelling in schools through stating that 'teacher may label and treat.....'. Labelling is to attach a meaning or definition to someone.
Teachers may give negative labels which may lead to low self-esteem and confidence. This means that students may act out and look at others sources to gain status.
For example, willis learning to labour study. He studied working class boys who received negative labels and they defied school rules, smoked etc. This therefore led to the formation of an anti-school subculture.
However, Fullers study of black year 11 girls criticises this as proved that students can reject negative stereotypes and use this as fuel for academic success.
------ Habitus. Item A states that ' school and staff will have.......". Habitus is defined as a way of thinking, being or acting which affects how a person explains or views life.
Bourdieu argues the greater the similarity between individuals, the greater value conscribed to their habitus.
Middle class have the power to define their habitus better. The middle class habitus is seen as superior to the working class habitus. This means that working class students may feel neglected as their habitus is undervalued------ alientated, formation of anti school subculture.
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