U.S. History Test 2

Bill of Rights

that laid down limits on the powers of the monarchy and established certain civil rights

Judicatory Act of 1789

established a three-part judiciary—made up of district courts, circuit courts, and the Supreme Court—and outlined the structure and jurisdiction of each branch.

Funding at Par

meant that the federal gov would pay off its debts at face value + accumulated interest

assumption

part of Hamilton's economic theory that stated the federal government would assume all the states' debts for the American Revolution.

Tariff

Tax levied on imports to help protect a nation's industries, labor, or farmers from foreign competition

excise tax

Taxes levied on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of a single good or service or on a relatively narrow range of goods or services.

Bank of the United States

national bank chartered by Congress in 1791 to serve as a central financial institution, regulate the money supply, and manage government funds.

Whiskey Rebellion

an uprising of Western Pennsylvania farmers that took place between 1791-1794 in response to Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey

Neutrality Proclamation

issued by George Washington. This declaration stated that the United States would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain

Treaty of Greenville

aimed to end the hostilities that had engulfed the Great Lakes

Jays Treaty

an attempt to resolve the differences between the United States and Britain over British attempts to restrict trade to France.

Pinckneys Treaty

agreement between Spain and the United States, fixing the southern boundary of the United States and establishing commercial arrangements favourable to the United States

Farewell Address

Washington exhorted Americans to set aside their violent likes and dislikes of foreign nations, lest they be controlled by their passions

XYZ Affair

a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War

Alien Laws

allowed the President to deport any foreigner deemed dangerous,

sedition act

a law enacted by the Federalist-controlled Congress that made it a crime to publish false or malicious writings against the government or its officials

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. They helped establish the practice of being able to declare acts of federal government as unconstitutional.

George Washington

first President of the United States and a central figure in the founding of the nation

Alexander Hamilton

a Founding Father and the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States,

Louis XVI

King of France from 1774 until his deposition in 1792 during the French Revolution.

Edmond Genet

French diplomat sent to the United States during George Washington's first term as president in 1792.

Anthony Wade

served as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution

John Jay

American statesman and Founding Father who served the United States in numerous government offices, including the Supreme Court where he served as the first chief justice

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

a French member of the clergy and government official.

Revolution of 1800

the election results marked the first peaceful change of executive party in the US and confirmed the role of the electorate in choosing the American president.

Patronage

the name given to the system of government appointment where officials are given jobs based on whether or not they supported the victorious political party.

Judiciary Act of 1801

expanded federal jurisdiction, eliminated Supreme Court justices' circuit court duties, and created 16 federal circuit court judgeships.

Midnight Judges

the judges nominated by outgoing President John Adams and approved by the Federalist-controlled Senate

Manbury vs Madison

established the authority of American courts to overturn laws and invalidate government actions that violate the Constitution.

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase was a significant land acquisition made by the United States from France where the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of territory west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.

Orders in Council

a series of regulations enacted by the British government during the Napoleonic Wars, primarily aimed at restricting neutral trade with France and its allies.

Impressment

the practice of forcing men to serve in the military against their will.

Chesapeake affair

sparked by British claims that American sailors were deserters from their navy.

Embargo Act

prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports.

non-intercourse act

repealed the Embargo Act, and reactivated American commerce with all countries except the warring French and the British.

War Hawks

a community of about twenty Democratic Republicans who persuaded Congress into supporting a declaration of war against Britain

Thomas Jefferson

was a key figure in promoting Enlightenment ideals in America, emphasizing reason, individual rights, and the separation of church and state. He served as Secretary of State under President George Washington before becoming president himself

Sally Hemings

female enslaved person with one-quarter African ancestry who was owned by president of the United States Thomas Jefferson

John Marshall

cousin President John Adams, John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, ruling from 1801 to 1835. A staunch Federalist, Marshall believed in a strong central government and opposed states' rights.

Samuel Chase

a case defining four important points of constitutional law. Chase discussed natural law, which guaranteed rights and liberties not expressly found outside the Due Process Clause.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader and emperor who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and its associated wars.

Robert R. Livingston

early American leader who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, first secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (1781–83), and minister to France

Toussaint L’ouverture

Haitian general and leader of the Haitian Revolution

Meriweather Lewis

an American explorer of the frontier and was the leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

William Clark

an American explorer who co-lead the Corps of Discovery (also known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition) through the Louisiana Territory

Sacajawea

served as an interpreter for the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the western United States

James Madison

fourth President of the United States and a key founding father,

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes

Tenskwatawa

Native American religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe, known as the Prophet or the Shawnee Prophet.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.

Battle of New Orleans

The Battle of New Orleans was a significant military conflict fought between January 8 and January 18, 1815, during the War of 1812, where American forces led by General Andrew Jackson achieved a decisive victory over the British.

Treaty of Ghent

the peace treaty that ended the war between the US and the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely established the status quo ante bellum, or same situation before the war.

Convention Hartford

exemplified the tension between regionalism and nationalism that characterized early American history

Rush-Bagot agreement

an agreement between the United States and Great Britain to eliminate their fleets from the Great Lakes, excepting small patrol vessels.

Tariff of 1816

the first high tariff approved by Congress in order to move the country towards protectionism

American system

economic plan that aimed to strengthen the national economy through a series of interconnected measures, including a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements such as roads and canals.

Era of good feeling

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected rising nationalism in America after between 1817-1825.

Panic of 1819

over-expansion of credit, the collapse of the export from the U.S., also, low prices of the imported goods that made U.S. manufacturers to close their factories.

Tallmadge amendment

provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Misour

Peculiar institution

the practice or institution of keeping slaves. used formerly of slavery as an institution peculiar to the South in the U.S.

Missouri Compromise

admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time,

McCulloch v Maryland

established the supremacy of the Constitution, the expansion of Congress' powers beyond those enumerated, and the inferior status of state laws in relation to federal laws.J

Loose Construction

interpreting a law or document in a way that is broad and flexible, taking into account the situation and purpose of the writing.

Cohens vs Virginia

circumstances in which the supremacy of the federal government applied, further uniting the disjointed states, and clarified the Supreme Court's power and role within the federal government.

Gibbons vs Ogden

Chief Justice John Marshall's Court ruled that Congress has the power to “regulate commerce” and that federal law takes precedence over state laws.

Fletcher vs Peck

It ruled that a grant to a land company was a contract, regardless of the company's legality. I

Darthmouth college vs Woodward

held that the College would remain a private institution and not become a state university

Florida Purchase Treaty

(Adams-Onís Treaty), the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas).

Monroe Doctirne

U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs

Isaac Brock

His military actions in the War of 1812, particularly his success at Detroit, earned him a knighthood, membership in the Order of Bath, accolades and the sobriquet “Hero of Upper Canada.”

Oliver Hazard Perry

. United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

Thomas Macdonough

prevented their invasion of the state

Francis Scott Key

American lawyer, author, and poet

James Monroe

American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father

George Canning

a British Tory prime minister