Honors Biology Evolution Study Guide

Make sure to answer with definiition, and many terms have similar definitions so make sure that you also have the correction override setting on.

When was Earth formed?

about 4.6 Billion years ago

What were some characteristics of early Earth?

• Very hot

• Lots of volcanoes

• Little or no oxygen

• Oceans forming from cooled water vapor

• Frequently hit by meteors

Stanley Miller & Harold Urey experiment

They tested how life’s building blocks may have formed on early Earth. They used gases to simulate the atmosphere of early Earth and electric sparks to represent lightning, leading to the formation of amino acids. This showed organic molecules could form naturally.

First Organisms on Earth

Simple, single celled organisms like prokaryotes, which emerged in anaerobic conditions.

What were some organisms that produced Oxygen?

Cynobacteria(blue-green bacteria) helped oxygen slowly build up in Earth’s atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis.

What is a fossil?

The preserved remains or traces of an ancient organism.

Where are older fossils found?

Deeper rock layers.

Why are fossils important?

They show:

• How organisms changed over time

• Evidence of evolution

• What ancient environments were like

• which organisms are extinct

Significance of the Fossil Record

• Shows the history of life on Earth

• Shows traditional forms between species

• Helps scientists understand evolution

Who was Charles Darwin?

He was a scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

What ship did Charles Darwin sail on?

HMS Beagle

Who influenced Darwin?

Thomas Malthus with his ideas about population growth and competition.

What book did Darwin write?

On the Origin of Species

What is natural selection?

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring passing on those traits.

Does Natural Selection work on Genotypes or Phenotypes?

It acts on phenotypes(physical traits you can see)

What is Survival of the Fittest?

Organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

How do organisms adapt?

Adaptations happen through:

• Mutations

• Natural selection

• Over many generations and environmental pressures.

Example of adaptations

• Camouflage

• Thick fur

• Long necks

Homologous Structures

• Body parts with similar structures but different functions.

• Show common ancestry.

• Example: human arm and whale flipper.

Vestigial Structures

• Structures with little or no function today.

• Example: human tailbone.

Comparative Biochemistry(DNA)

Similar DNA means organisms are closely related.

Geographic Distribution

• Organisms living in different places evolve differently.

• Example: island species.

Fossils show….

changes in organisms overtime

Endosymbiotic Theory

• Eukaryotic cells formed when larger cells engulfed smaller cells.

• The smaller cells became organelles like:

  • Mitochondria

  • Chloroplasts

Evidence of the Endosymbiotic Theory

Organelles have their own DNA

Mechanisms of Evolution

• Mutations

• Natural Selection

• Genetic Drift

• Speciation

Mutations

• Random change in DNA.

• Creates new traits.

Natural selection are…

helpful traits that become more common.

Genetic drift

Random changes in allele frequencies.

Founder’s Effect

• A small group starts a new population.

• The population may have different traits than the original group.

Bottleneck Effect

• Population size suddenly decreases due to disaster.

• Survivors may not represent original population.

Speciation

• Formation of new species.

• Happens when populations become isolated and evolve differently.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Used to study genetic equilibrium in populations.

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

• p = dominant allele frequency

• q = recessive allele frequency

• p² = homozygous dominant

• 2pq = heterozygous

• q² = homozygous recessive

What is Taxonomy?

The science of naming and classifying organisms.

Who studied Taxonomy early on?

Carolus Linnaeus

What does Taxonomy show?

Relationships between organisms.

What are the 3 domains?

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukarya

What are the 6 kingdoms?

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

Organisms are named using…

Genus species(Ex. Homo sapiens)

Rules of naming organisms:

• Genus capitalized

• Species lowercase

• Italicized or underlined

What are the 7 classification levels?

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

*remember: King Philip Came Over For Good Soup*

Cladograms/Phlyogenic Trees

• Diagrams showing evolutionary relationships.

• Organisms sharing more traits are more closely related.

Dichotomous Key

• Tool used to identify organisms.

• Uses pairs of choices to narrow down identity step-by-step.

Evolution

Change in Species over time

Species

Organisms that can reproduce together

Phenotype

Physical traits

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Allele

Form of a gene

Adaptation

Trait helping survival

Extinct

A species no longer alive on Earth

What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?

Organic molecules can form naturally

A structure with little or no current function is called…

a vestigial structure

The Endosymbiotic Theory explains the origin of…

Eukaryotic cells

Which process creates a new species?

Speciation

A sudden reduction in population size is called…

Bottleneck effect

Which classification level is the most specific?

Species

TRUE OR FALSE: Natural selection causes organisms to change during their lifetime.

False

Short Answer(not actually a short answer): What is natural selection?

Organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more.

Short Answer(not actually a short answer): What is a fossil?

Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.

Short Answer(not actually a short answer): Example of a vestigial structure.

Human tailbone or appendix.

Short Answer(not actually a short answer): What does a cladogram show?

Evolutionary relationships between organisms.

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

What does 2pq represent?

Heterozygous individuals.

31. Homologous structures	A. Similar structures from common ancestor
32. Mutation	B. Change in DNA
33. Speciation	C. Formation of new species
34. Genetic drift	D. Random change in allele frequency

Matching

A,B,C,D