HIM103 - 14 - STUDY GUIDES

SPERMATOGENESIS

The process of sperm formation.

SPERMATOZOA

Known as sperm.

The male gametes [reproductive cells].

SEMEN

The whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement.

VAS DEFERENS

Known as the ductus deferens.

The long, narrow continuations of each epididymis. These structures lead upward and eventually join the urethra

SEMINAL VESICLES

Glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells.

This secretion forms 60% of the fluid found in semen.

Located at the base of the urinary bladder and open into the vas deferens as it joins the urethra.

PROSTATE GLAND

A gland that lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra.

Secretes a thick, alkaline fluid into the semen that aids the motility of the sperm.

URETHRA

A tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body.

In the male, serves both the reproductive and the urinary systems.

EPIDIDYMIS

The coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle.

This tube runs down the length of the testicle, then turns upward toward the body.

Narrows to form the tube known as the vas deferens.

SCROTUM

The sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles.

Suspended from the pubic arch behind the penis and lies between the thighs.

FORESKIN

Known as the prepuce.

A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis.

CRYPTORCHIDISM

Known as an undescended testicle.

A developmental defect seen in newborns in which one or both of the testicles have failed to descend into their normal position in the scrotum.

VARICOCELE

A knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum.

Can lead to infertility.

SPERM COUNT

Known as a sperm analysis.

The testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm.

15-200

A normal sperm count is ___-___ million or more sperm per milliliter of semen.

AZOOSPERMIA

The absence of sperm in the semen.

OLIGOSPERMIA

Known as low sperm count.

A sperm count of below 15 million/mL.

HEMATOSPERMIA

The presence of blood in the semen.

CIRCUMCISION

The surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.

This optional procedure is usually performed within a few days of birth, sometimes for religious reasons.

ORCHIECTOMY

The surgical removal of one or both testicles.

ORICHOPEXY

The repair of cryptorchidism, which is an undescended testicle.

VASECTOMY

The male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically blocked or cut.

VASOVASOSTOMY

Known as a vasectomy reversal.

A procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized man.

FUNDUS

Part of the uterus.

The bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes.

CORPUS

Part of the uterus.

Known as the body of the uterus. The middle portion.

CERVIX

Part of the uterus.

Known as the cervix uteri. The lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina.

PERIMETRIUM

The tough, membranous outer layer of the uterus.

MYOMETRIUM

The muscular middle layer of the uterus.

ENDOMETRIUM

The inner layer of the uterus.

Consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels.

MAMMARY GLANDS

Known as the lactiferous glands.

The milk-producing glands that develop during puberty.

LACTIFEROUS DUCTS

Known as milk ducts.

Carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple.

MENSTRUATION

Known as menses.

The normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus.

28

The average menstrual cycle lasts ___ days.

MENARCHE

The beginning of menstruation.

OVULATION

The release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries that happens on approximately the 14th day of a woman's menstrual cycle.

MENOPAUSE

The normal termination of menstruation in a woman during middle age.

CONCEPTION

When one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum.

The beginning of new life.

ZYGOTE

The first cell of a new organism.

The result of fertilization.

EMBRYO

From implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy, the developing baby is known as an __________.

FETUS

From the 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth, the baby in utero is known as a __________.

NEONATE

The newborn infant is known as a __________ during the first 4 weeks after birth.

PLACENTA

The temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between a mother and fetus.

Does not allow maternal blood and fetal blood to mix.

UMBILICAL CORD

The tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to a developing baby.

Transports waste from a fetus to be disposed of through the mother's excretory system.

GESTATION

The period of development of the baby in the mother's uterus.

Lasts 40 weeks.

BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTIONS

The intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses.

These contractions are not true labor pains and are usually infrequent, irregular, and essentially painless.

NULLIPARA / NULLIGRAVIDA

A woman who has never borne a viable child.

PRIMIGRAVIDA

A woman during her first pregnancy.

PRIMIPARA

A woman who has borne one viable child.

MULTIPAROUS

A woman who has given birth two or more times.

EFFACEMENT

The process by which the cervix prepares for delivery as it gradually softens, shortens, and becomes thinner.

DILATION

The expansion of an opening.

COLOSTRUM

A specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and anti-bodies in a form that the newborn can digest.

VERNIX

A greasy substance that protects a fetus in utero and can still be present at birth.

Made up of sebum and discarded epidermal cells from the skin of the fetus.

MECONIUM

The greenish material that collects in the intestines of a fetus and forms the first feces of a newborn.

APGAR SCORE

A scale of 1 to 10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

1 - HEART RATE

2 - RESPIRATORY EFFORT

3 - MUSCLE TONE

4 - REFLEXES

5 - SKIN COLOR

The criteria of the Apgar score:

8-10

An Apgar score of ___-___ indicates good health.

GYNECOLOGIST

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system.

OBSTETRICIAN

A physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter.

NEONATOLOGIST

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn.

INFERTILITY SPECIALIST

Known as a reproductive endocrinologist.

Helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy.

ANOVULATION

The absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected.

POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME

A common condition characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones resulting in irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism and acne.

ENDOMETRIOSIS

A condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity.

ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE

Known as a placental abruption.

A disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus.

PLACENTA PREVIA

The abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus, partially or completely covering the cervix.

PREECLAMPSIA

Known as pregnancy-induced hypertension,

A complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria.

BREECH PRESENTATION

Occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head.

VERTEX PRESENTATION

Occurs when the head of the fetus is positioned to enter the birth canal first.

PREMATURE INFANT

A fetus born before the 37th week of gestation.

INFERTILITY

The inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse.

The inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth.

AMNIOCENTESIS

A surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid.

OOPHORECTOMY

Known as an ovariectomy.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

SALPINGECTOMY

The surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes.

SALPINGO-OOPHORECTOMY

The surgical removal of both a fallopian tube and ovary.

HYSTERECTOMY

The surgical removal of the uterus.

TUBAL LIGATION

The surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum.

EPISIOTOMY

The surgical incision made into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal.

DILATION & CURETTAGE

Known as a D&C.

A surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away.

CURETTAGE

The removal of material from the surface by scraping with an instrument known as a curette.