reproductive system

gametes

sex cells, egg and sperm

Diploid

two pairs of chromosomes

haploid

one pair of chromosomes

duplication division

duplicaing the number of chromosomes, mitosis

reduction division

reducing the number of chromosomes, meiosis

follicle

acessory cells that surround an egg

polar body

set of discarded chromosomes, what happens to an egg if it isnt fertilized

corpus luteum

temporary gland formed during the luteal phase, secretes estrogen and progesterone

ovulation

The monthly release of an egg from an ovary. It is result of hormonal stimulation

effects of puberty in males

penis and testes elarge, lengthening of the larynx, formation of facial, pubic and axillary hair, muscular development

effects of puberty on females

breast enlargement, pubic and underarm hair growth, hips become wider, mensturation occurs

what comprises the spermatic cord

testicular artery, venous plexus, nerves, vas deferens

dartos muscle

smooth muscle of the penis, supports scrotum

cremaster muscle

skeletal muscle of the penis, draws the scrotum closer to testes due to cold

scrotum

sac that holds the testes

what tissue forms the outer layer of the testes

tunica albuginea

epididymis

where sperm are stored and mature

steroli cells

make sperm

sperm anatomy

head, acrosome, midpiece, tail

sperm head

covered with a cup, contains genetic material

sperm acrosome

contains Hyaluronidase and Proteolytic Enzymes to penetrate the egg

sperm midpiece

contains mitochondria to make atp

sperm tail

for movement

average pH of semen

7.5

average volume of an ejaculate

3.5 mL

average sperm count

120 million/mL

vas deferens

transports sperm to the urethra

3 layers of muscularis in vas deferens

inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal

three stages of the urethra

prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)

seminal vesicle

produces 60% of semen, makes a sugary fluid that nourishes sperm and gives it energy

prostate gland

makes an alkaline fluid that buffers the pH of the vagina

bulbourethral gland

makes the primary product for lubrecation of vas deferens

glans penis

sensitive tip of the penis covered by the foreskin

circumcision

removal of the foreskin

erectile dysfunction

occurs when the erectile tissue does not expand enough to compress the veins

erectile bodies of the penis

corpus sponginosum and corpus cavernosum

parasympathetic impulse in men

erection

sympathetic impulse in men

ejcaculation

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in men

controls the release of other hormones

lutenizing hormone in males

targets steroli cells, promotes sperm production

follicle stimulating hormone in males

controls tesosterone secretion, binds to lydig/intersitial cells that make tesosterone and inhibin

inhibin in males

prevents excessive testosterone secretion

genital tract of females

ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina

external genitalia of women

labia majora, labia minor, mons pubis, clitoris

ovaries

produces eggs and sex hormones

oviducts

also called fallopian tubes or uterine tubes. moves eggs, normal site of fertilization

uterus

normal site of implantation and fetal development

cervix

opening to uterus, dialtes during pregnancy

vagina

birth canal and copulatory organ of the female

labia majora

2 folds of fatty skin

labia minor

2 small folds just inside the labia major that contain the opening to the urethra and vagina

mons pubis

fatty skin covered in coarse hair

clitoris

erectile organ of female

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

i. FSH promotes secretion of the development of a follicle that secretes estrogen

ii. an estrogen spike leads to a surge in LH and ovulation around the 14th day in the 28 day uterine cycle

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

i. LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum that secrets progesterone

ii. when pregnancy doesnt occur mensturation occurs

days 1-5 of uterine cycle

low level of estrogen and progesterone causing the inner uterine lining (endometrium) to disintegrate and menstruation occurs

days 6-13 of uterine cycle

proliferating phase, increase in estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken

days 15-28 of uterine cycle

secretory phase, increase in progesterone causes endometrium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down

estrogen effects on sex organs

increases size and structure of genitalia in females

estrogen effects on breasts

increases size of ductile cells and fat deposition in breasts

estrogen effects on skeleton

Estrogens prevent osteoclast overactivity. When Estrogens plummet during menopause, bone begins to break down faster than it rebuilds. Additionally, E2 will cause the epiphyseal plates on long bones to close ceasing bone elongation

estrogen effects on protein and fat metabolism

Estradiol promotes protein metabolism, and increases fat deposition to the hips, buttocks, thighs, abdomen, and breast

estrogen effects on electrolyte balance

promotes sodium and water retention, even greater during pregnancy

effects of estrogen on the skin

makes the skin more pliant and thicker

effects of progesterone of uterus

decreases uterine contrations and increases secretions

effects of progesterone on fallopian tubes

secretory changes in fallopian tubes

effects of progesterone on breasts

promotes development of lobules, alveoli and acinar. alveolar cells proliferate and become excratory

fertilization

union of sperm and egg

pregnancy

usually begins with implantation 6 days after fertilization

what does the sperm have to penetrate before getting to the egg?

Corona radiata and zona pellucida

what triggers the blood vessels to vasodialate causing an erection?

nitric oxide

abstinence

100% effective against pregnancy and STI prevention. not having sex at all

hormone control birth control

birth control pill, contraceptive injection, contraceptive implants

barrier methods of birth control

a.      IUD: small plastic piece inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation

b.      Condom (male and female): blocks fertilization

c.       Diaphragm: soft latex cup that covers the cervix so sperm cannot enter the uterus

sterilization

a.      Vasectomy: cutting and sealing the vas deferens

b.      Tubal ligation: cutting and sealing the oviducts

previn

given to prevent implantation of an embryo and is most successful if taken very early on

RU-486

given to cause an implanted embryo to shed

causes of infertility

overweight females, blovked oviducts,low sperm count, endometriosis

when does an embryo become a fetus

8 weeks

Artificial insemination by a donor (AID)

sperm placed incide the vagina by a trained physician

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

fertilization occurs in labratory glassware then the fertilized egg is placed back inside the woman

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

similar as IVF except the eggs and sperm are placed in the oviducts immediately after they have been brought together

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

a single sperm is injected into an egg

viral STD’s

HIV, genital wars, herpes, hepatitis

bacterial STD’s

chlaymidia, syphillius, gonnorrhea

genital warts

caused by human papilloma virus which is the leading cause of cervical cancer (HPV 90% of cases).

treatment for HIV

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). This therapy essentially reduces or limits the replication of the HIV virus.

herpes

two types.

Type I: above the waist

Type II: below the wasit

chlaymidia

Bacterial infection, causes symptoms of UTI in males and females or can be asymptomatic in both.

Can lead to fallopian scarring, PID, and sterility if untreated

gonorrhea

In males, a greenish yellow penile discharge, and symptoms of UTI

In females, typically asymptomatic, if symptoms present they are of a UTI. can cause blindness in infants

syphillis

Stage1- non itchy rash on palms of hands and soles of feet

Stage2- chancre (sore) at the site of infection

Stage 3- gummas form on internal organs, cardiovascular complications, and dementia.

Can cross the placenta leading to stillbirth, birth defects and miscarriage

oxygen diffusion to the placenta

O2 diffuses into fetal blood.

Fetal hemoglobin can bind more o2 than moms hemoglobin

Concentration of fetal hemoglobin is 50% greater than mom.

HCG

maintains the corpus luteum, first hormone released, from the trophoblast cells of the embryo. It can be detected in blood within 5 days of fertilization and in urine 8 days after fertilization.

estradiol

gets moms body ready for labor (parturition),   Enlarged genitalia and enlarge breasts and more pliant skin to stretch during delivery.

progesterone

prevents uterine contractions, sustains the early pregnancy, increase breast lactation development, causes the uterus to double and triple in thickness.

HCS

prepares breast for lactation, reserves glucose in mom lowering her metabolism to save glucose for the baby

hormonal changes during pregancy

Moms blood volume increases by 150%

Moms pituitary gland increases hormone output by 50%

Moms amygdala increases slightly in size.

Estradiol increases entire pregnancy

FSH and LH are suppressed during pregnancy

Relaxin is released, increasing flexibility of ligaments and tendons.