Ultimate infectious disease prep

Hepatitis B symptoms

Asymptomatic, but if symptoms develop: Loss of appetite, fatigue, fever, chronic infections lead to liver cirrhosis (damage to liver tissue) and cancer

Can also cause jaundice

Hepatitis B transmission

Sexual contact or parenteral (broken skin), can pass through placenta

Hepatitis B prevention

Vaccine available, screening people for Hepatitis B

Hepatitis A transmission

Through the mouth, ingestion of contaminated food and water

Hepatitis A symptoms

Loss of appetite, anorexia, malaise, fever, jaundice (typically resolves in 4-6 weeks)

Hepatitis A prevention

Vaccine available, practice proper sanitization

Hepatitis C transmission

Only parenteral transmission, sharing of needles, razors

Hepatitis C symptoms

Asymptomatic, but can become chronic causing symptoms later on, can increase risk of cancer.

Viral gastroenteritis causes

Norovirus, rota virus

Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis

Vomiting, diarrhea, low grade fever (only lasts for a few days)

How to prevent viral gastroenteritis?

Norovirus: Proper hand washing
Rota virus: Vaccine available, especially for young children (given as oral drops)

Bacterial gastroenteritis (S. aureus) symptoms

Diarrhea, cramps, vomiting

How does S aureus cause symptoms with gastroenteritis?

Leaving behind heat stable enterotoxins, which cause diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps in as little as 1 to 6 hours

Salmonellosis etiological agent

S. enterica

Foods that cause salmonella

Meat and eggs

Foods that cause S aureus infection

Foods high in salt or sugar: pickle, custard, sauces

Salmonellosis symptoms

Abdominal cramps, diarrhea that contains mucus or blood, fever

Can also be asymptomatic

Cholera symptoms (who is at risk?)

Diarrhea, vomiting, rice water stools (stools with mucus and epithelial cells)

Extreme dehydration

The bacteria is also acid sensitive, meaning those who take anti acid medication (those with acid reflux) will be at high risk

V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis transmission, what foods?

mainly seafood, raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs

V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis symptoms

Causes a mild form of disease with symptoms similar to cholera

Campylobacter gastroenteritis, what foods cause it?

Chicken, turkey, milk

What causes peptic ulcer disease?

H plyori

Bacterial gastroenteritis caused by e coli is found in which foods?

Produce, or meat

Enterohemorrhagic E coli symptoms

cramps, bloody diarrhea, causes anemia and kidney failure

Antibiotic associated diarrhea is caused by (bacteria)

C. difficile

Peptic ulcer disease symptoms

Causes ulcers in the stomach, can lead to cancer

Food infection

Caused by bacteria multiplying in the digestive system, symptoms appear slowly

Food poisoning

Bacteria doesn’t enter body, toxins do, symptoms appear more quickly

How does H pylori cause ulcers?

It contains urease which can break down urea in the stomach. The urea breakdown produces ammonia which neutralizes the stomach acid, and the bacteria can then burrow deep into the tissues

Otitus media

Middle ear infection

What food posioning is caused by eating seafood?

Vibrio parahemolyticus

Give me some tests I can do to diagnose someone with H pylori

Breath tests, blood test, stool test

Cystitis is commonly caused by

E coli, proteus

Cystitis symptoms

Pain during urination (disuria), burning sensation

Cystitis prevention

Urinate frequently, wipe from front to back

Pyelonephritis what is it?

Infection of the kidneys as a result of untreated UTI

How many cfus to diagnose someone with cystitis?

Urine has > 1000 cfu/ml of pathogens to be significant

Leptospirosis etiological agent

Leptospira

Leptospirosis transmission

Through the mucous membrane or mouth, comes from animals, animals shed it in urine and it ends up in the soil, etc.

Leptospirosis symptoms

Headache, muscular pain, fever, and kidney failure

Genital warts etiological agent

HPV

Vaginosis symptoms

Vaginal discharge with epithelial cells (clue cells)

Premature birth or low weight infants

Vaginosis etological agent

Candida albicans: (yeast, fungus)

G. vaginalis: Bacterial infection

Trichomonas: Protozoan

Causes of vaginosis

Hormonal changes can change ph of vagina from acidic to alkaline (pregnancy, menopause)

What maintains the acidic ph in the vagina?

Lactobacillus bacteria

TORCH

Represents the diseases that cause birth defects: Toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, genital herpes (HPV-2)

How is genital herpes transmitted?

Sexual contact

How is genital warts transmitted?

Sexual contact

Genital warts symptoms

Presence of warts on genital area (look like an irregular mass of tissues) 

Can cause cervical cancer

Genital warts prevention

Vaccine available, practice safe sex

Gonorrhea etological agent

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

How is gonorrhea transmitted?

Sexual contact

Symptoms of gonorrhea

Female: May be asymptomatic, can develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Male: Painful urination, pus discharge

Complications: Arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis

Genital herpes symptoms

Vesicles in genital area, has ability to become latent in sacral ganglia

Can cause birth defects in fetus

Legionellosis resistance

Forms biofilms, also resistant to chlorine

Atypical pnemonia is caused by

viruses, fungus,

Pharyngitis etological agent

Streptococcus pyogenes

Diphtheria symptoms

Similar to strep throat, lymph node enlargement

Tough grayish leathery patch

Diseases of upper respiratory tract, and how are they all transmitted?

Droplets: diptheria, pharyngitis, pertussis

Tuberculosis transmission

Airborne

Tuberculosis symptoms

Cough, chest discomfort, lung lesions (Lung lesions are called tubercles)

Complication: Become systemic affecting other parts of the body such as bones, intestines, and reproductive system

Pharynigitis symptoms

Redness and patches in the throat, edema, lymph node enlargement

Malaise, headache

Pertussis (Whooping cough) symptoms

Extensive cough with a gasp of air at the end (characteristic sound known as whoop)

Increased mucus secretion (Due to AB toxin)

Prevention of whooping cough

DTap vaccine

Prevention of diptheria

DTap vaccine

Legionellosis causes

atypical pneumonia

Legionellosis symptoms

Fluid accumulation in lungs

Chest discomfort, difficulty breathing (same as pneumonia)

How is legionellosis transmitted?

Inhalation of aerosols with contaminated water

Hemaglutinin

Helps with attachment for influenza

Neuranminidase

Hydrolyze mucus, helps with budding

Drift

Slight changes in H and M as a result of mutation. Normally happens annually

Shift

MAJOR change in H and N spikes, this is due to genetic recombination between other influenza viruses. Causes pandemics

What is infection of the kidneys called?

Pyelonephritis

Protein components of influenza

Hemaglutinin, Neuranminidase

What bacterial infection can I get from turkey?

Camplyobacter

Etiological Agent of Bacterial Meningitis

Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Morphology of H. influenzae

G(-) rod.

Mode of transmission for Bacterial Meningitis

Respiratory tract, droplet transmission.

Characteristic symptom of N. meningitidis

Petechial rash may appear on the skin.

Prevention of Bacterial Meningitis

Meningitis vaccine.

Listeriosis

Foodborne infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, presenting symptoms similar to meningitis.

Mode of transmission for Listeriosis

Foodborne, entry through the digestive tract, often from refrigerated food.

Symptoms of Listeriosis

Meningitis symptoms but mild, stillbirth, abortion, and birth defects.

Prevention of Listeriosis

Practice proper food safety.

Cryptococcosis causes

Meningitis symptoms, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Etiological agent of Cryptococcosis

Yeast.

Mode of transmission for Cryptococcosis

Inhalation of bird droppings.

Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Caused by protozoa Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba, leading to meningitis symptoms.

Mode of transmission for Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Nasal mucosa, found in freshwater.

Prevention of Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Avoid swimming in untreated water.

West Nile Encephalitis

Brain infection caused by West Nile Virus, mild in adults but serious in older individuals.

Mode of transmission for West Nile Virus

Vector borne, transmitted through Culex mosquitoes.

Prevention of West Nile Encephalitis

Prevent mosquito bites: Use bug spray, wear long clothing.

Tetanus

Infection caused by Clostridium tetani, leading to locked jaw and muscle spasms.

Morphology of Clostridium tetani

G(+) rod, anaerobic, endospore forming.

Mode of transmission for Tetanus

Entry through puncture wound.

Prevention of Tetanus

Tetanus vaccine.

Botulism

Foodborne illness caused by Clostridium botulinum, leading to flaccid paralysis.

Morphology of Clostridium botulinum

G(+) rod, anaerobic, endospore forming.

Mode of transmission for Botulism

Foodborne, enters through the digestive tract.