MT13 LEC - Full Reviewer (Quizlet)

manifesting pasar for block 9

Anatomy

Science of body structures and the relationships among structures

Physiology

Science of body functions "Structure and Function"

Cells

the basic structural and functional units of an organism; the smallest living units in the human body

Tissue

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function. (ex. Epithelial tissue,Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue)

Organ

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

System

consists of related organs that have a common function. Example : Digestive system

Organism

Organization of the Human Body: Cells, tissues, organs and systems form into a?

Metabolism

Chemical reactions within the body

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

Movement

Locomotion Movement of substances

Growth

Increase in cell size and number

Differentiation

Specific function of cells

Reproduction

Perpetuation of species

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Necessary Life Functions

• Air• Food ( nutrition)• Water• Atmospheric Pressure

Survival needs

Homeostasis

Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment

Homeostatic Regulation

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

Maintenance of Homeostasis

Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed. Regulation of water, blood ph, level molecules and blood pressure

Stimulus

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Feedback Mechanism

Ability of an organism to control its body functions in order to uphold a stable internal environment even when it's external environment changes

Receptor

sends input to a control center (nerve impulse, chemical signal)

Control center

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained

Effector

receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Negative Feedback

reverses a change in a controlled condition

Positive Feedback

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the bodies controlled condition

Disorder

derangement or abnormality of function

Disease

specific term for an illness characterized by are cognizable set of signs and symptoms

symptoms

subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer

signs

objective change that can be measured and observed

Integumentary System

integument (skin) , accessory structures ( hair, glands, etc)

Protection

guard's the body's physical and biochemical integrity

Temperature maintenance

helps maintain a constant body temperature by regulating heat exchange with the environment (thermoregulation)

Sensory reception

provides sensory information about the surrounding environment

Synthesis and storage of nutrients

synthesis of Vitamin D ( aids in calcium uptake)

Excretion and Secretion

Glands secrete salt, water and organic wastes

Epidermis

superficial, thinner portion

Dermis

deeper, thicker, connective tissue

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

consists of areolar and adipose tissue

Keratinocytes

Principal cells

Melanocytes

Principal cells

Langerhans cells

Principal cells

Merkel cells

Principal cells

Keratinocytes

- 90% of epidermal cells

- produce the protein keratin

Keratinocytes

- produce lamellar granules, which release a waterproofing sealant

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

- 8% of epidermal cells

- produce melanin (brown

Melanocytes

-black pigment)

- contributes to skin color

- protects cells/body from damaging UV light

Langerhans cells

- arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

- participate in immune response against microbes

- easily damaged by UV light

Merkel cell

- least numerous

- found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

- merkel cells and tactile disc (sensory neuron) function in the sensation of touch

Types of skin: thin

- covers all parts of the body except for the palms, palmar surface of the digits and the soles

- few dermal papillae; lacks epidermal layers

- sparser distribution of sensory receptors

Types of skin: thick

- palms, palmar surfaces of the digits and soles

- lacks hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous glands

- more sweat glands and densely clustered sensory receptors

Subcutaneous layer

• Stabilize the position of the skin relative to the underlying tissues

• Energy reserve, shock absorber

Reticular layer

• Dense, irregular connective tissue

• Elastic fibers, collagen fibers

Papillary layer

• Dermal papillae

• Tactile receptors,meissner's corpuscle

interaction between (1) epidermal pigmentation, (2) dermal blood supply

Structural Basis of Skin Color (2)

Pigments: hemoglobin

red pigment in red blood cells

Pigments: carotene

yellowish (yellow-orange) pigment precursor of vit. A

Pigments: melanin

brown black pigment (melanocytes)

Cyanosis

sustained reduction in circulatory supply

Albinism

inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin (remember rudy the white dino from ice age)

Vitiligo

partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin; produce irregular white spots (michael jackson had this)

Jaundice

yellow cast; usually signifies a liver disorder (ma'am lera flashbacks)

Bruises (Hematoma)

unusual tendency to bruising; deficiency of Vit C or hemophilia

protect the body

Accessory Structures Function:hair and nails

help regulate body temperature

Function:glands

Cuticle

single layer of thin, flat cells

Cortex

elongated cells

Medulla

2-3 rows of polyhedral-shaped cells containing pigment granules and air spaces

Sebaceous glands (Oil)

- sebum, mixture of oily substance and fragmented cells

- keeps the skin moist and soft. Also contains chemicals that kill bacteria

White head

duct is blocked by sebum

Blackhead

oxidation of accumulated material

Acne

active infection of gland

Eccrine and Apocrine

Sudoriferous glands (sweat) Types

Eccrine

- more numerous and found all over the body

- produce a clear secretion (water, salts, metabolic wastes and lactic acid

- help regulate body temperature

Apocrine

- axillary and genital areas

- empty into hair follicles

- begins to function during puberty (androgens)

- precise function is not known, but they are activated by nerve fibers during pain and stress and during sexual foreplay

Ceruminous glands

- modified sweat in the external ear

- combined secretion of ceruminous and sebaceuos glands : cerumen or earwax

Burns

tissue damage inflicted by intense heat or electricity

1º - epidermis only

2º - epidermis and the outer portion of the dermis