Chapter 12: Degenerative Disorders

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42 Terms

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Parkinson's disease
________ is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain.
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Huntington's Disease
Diagnosis of ________ is made by a detailed clinical exam and examining the family history.
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HD doesnt
________ allow the individual to walk, think, talk, and reason.
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Death
________ is usually caused by respiratory failure or pneumonia.
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Amyloid Precursor Protein
The gene encoding the ________ (APP) is on Chromosome 21.
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Reductions
________ occur in the markers for many neurotransmitters that allow cells to communicate with others.
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Early-onset Alzheimers
________ is related to mutations in the genes for presenilin 1 and 2.
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Huntington's Disease
The mutation for ________ is an expanded triplet repeat.
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radioactive chemical marker
A mildly ________ can show amyloid plaques and tau tangles in living people.
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Pallidotomy
________: surgical deactivation or destruction of overactive structures that greatly reduces symptoms.
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Genes
________ for Early- onset Alzheimers causes the beta- amyloid plaques to accumulate earlier.
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MPTP
________ is converted to a substance in the brain that destroys dopamine- producing neurons.
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Presenilin
________ 1 and 2 are proteins involved in the process of generating beta- amyloid from APP.
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Apolipoprotein E
________ (ApoE): influences ones susceptibility to Alzheimers disease later in life.
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Levodopa
________: a drug discovered in the 1960s that is converted to dopamine in the brain.
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
________ affects neurons that control voluntary muscle movements.
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Neurofibrillary tangles
________: a modified, aggregated form of the protein tau in the cell bodies of neurons.
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neural systems
The damage to ________ for attention, memory, learning, and higher cognitive abilities are believed to cause clinical symptoms.
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Beta amyloid
________: a small fibrillar peptide that accumulates in the spaces around synapses in Alzheimers patients.
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Mice
________ carrying mutant genes develop abnormalities and some of the microscopic changes in tissue structure that occur in humans.
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Gene transfer of trophic factors
________ is being studied in animal models and tested in clinical trials.
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Alpha secretases
________: break up beta- amyloid peptides and prevent amyloid accumulation.
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Beta
________ and gamma secretases: enzymes that cut the amyloid peptide and release it from neurons into the space around synapses.
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Carbidopa
________ helps prevent the breakdown of levodopa in the bloodstream.
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Predictive testing
________ is only for adults.
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signs of progressive paralysis
The first ________ are seen in the hands and feet or in muscles of speech and swallowing.
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Neuritic plaques
________ and neurofibrillary tangles form in brain regions important for memory and intellectual function.
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brain tissue
The ________ is usually obtained through an autopsy.
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form of ApoE
The epsilon 4 ________ is most clearly associated with increased risk for Alzheimers disease.
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HD
________ may be caused by the gain of a new and toxic function among these proteins.
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
________ is also called Lou Gehrigs disease.
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Death
________ can occur by pneumonia, heart failure, or other complications.
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MPTP
________ (1- methyl- 4- phenyl- 1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahydropyridine) was accidentally discovered by drug synthesizers in the late 1970s.
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Early onset Alzheimers
________: a rare, dominantly inherited disorder that causes the onset of Alzheimers in an individuals 40s or 50s instead of past 65.
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Beta-amyloid
A small fibrillar peptide that accumulates in the spaces around synapses in Alzheimer's patients.
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Neurofibrillary tangles
A modified, aggregated form of the protein tau in the cell bodies of neurons.
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Early-onset Alzheimer's Disease
A rare, dominantly inherited disorder that causes the onset of Alzheimer's in an individual's 40s or 50s instead of past 65.
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Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
A protein that influences one's susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease later in life.
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Beta and gamma secretases
Enzymes that cut the amyloid peptide and release it from neurons into the space around synapses.
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Alpha secretases
Enzymes that break up beta-amyloid peptides and prevent amyloid accumulation.
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Levodopa
A drug discovered in the 1960s that is converted to dopamine in the brain.
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Pallidotomy
The surgical deactivation or destruction of overactive structures that greatly reduces symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.