A&P II Chp. 16-18 Exam

Endocrine, Blood, Cardiovascular System Cardio is under Chapter 18 quiz

what endocrine organs are apart of other organ systems?

hypthalamus

testes/ ovaries

pancreas

thymus

what type of organ is the hypothalamus?

neuroendocrine

what is a neuroendocrine organ?

organ that contains neurological as well as endocrine functions

endocrine system functions:

reproduction

growth and dev.

electrolyte/ water balance

nutrient balance

cellular meta/ energy balance

immunity and defense

T or F: exocrine glands produce a non-hormone substance

True

how are exocrine gland substances transported?

via ducts

T of F: Endocrine glands produce a hormone substance?

True

how are endocrine gland substances transported?

bloodstream

how are endocrine glands classified?

entirely endocrine in function

endocrine & exocrine in function

neural & endocrine in function

contain endocrine tissue, but not a whole endo organ

what glands are entirely endocrine in function?

pituitary

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

adrenal gland

pineal gland

what glands have endo and exo function?

pancreas

gonads

placenta

what endo glands have neural & endo function?

hypothalamus

what endo glands have endo tissue, but are not a whole endo organ?

adipose cells

thymus

small int.

stomach

kidneys

heart

what are the two hormone classifications?

amino acid based

steriod

are amino acids hydrophilic or phdrophobic?

hydrophillic

are steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

T or F: all cells are exposed to hormones, and all cells “respond” to them

False: all cells are exposed to hormones, but not all “respond” to them

T of F: a cell must have the appropriate receptor for a hormone to respond to it

true

what is a target cell?

a cell that has an appropriate receptor for a hormone and can therefore respond to it

hormones _____ target cells

alter

alter= ?

causing a cell to increase or decrease its “normal” activity

name the effects/ alterations on target cells

changing membrane permeability

stimulate gene expression

modifying activity of proteins

change secretory activity

stimulate mitosis

what is a messenger systems?

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

GPCR-cAMP pathway:

1. hormone binds to receptor (GPCR)

2. GPCR activates G protein

3. G protein seperates and inhibits effector enzyme (adenylate cyclase)

4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP

5. cAMP is degraded by phosphodiesterase to stop signaling pathway

T or F: endo glands do not continually secrete their hormones

true

endo gland must be _____ to release their respective hormone

stimulated

what are the 3 types of stimuli that promote hormone synthesis and release

humoral stimuli

neural stimuli

hormonal stimuli

what is humoral stimuli?

changing levels of blood solutes act as a stimulus

what is neural stimuli?

endo organ stimulated by neurotransmitters from neurons

what is hormonal stimuli?

endo gland stimulated by hormones from a different endo gland

what is a portal system?

system of blood vessels that go between two organs without going through the heart first

T of F: anterior pituitary makes and releases its own hormones

true

what hormones are regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus:

releasing hormones

inhibiting hormones

what are releasing hormones?

cause anterior pituitary to make and release a specific hormone

what is an inhibiting hormone?

cause anterior pituitary to stop making and releasing specific hormones

what hormones does the hypothalamus make?

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

what is the job of the posterior pituitary?

store hormones

anterior pituitary prodices what two types of hormones?

non-tropic

tropic

what are tropic hormones?

regulate the secretion of other endo glands

prolactin produces what?

milk in females

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) acts on what?

adrenal cortex

thyroid gland produces what hormones?

thyroid hormone (TH)

calcitonin

calcitonin is synthesized by what?

parafollicular cells

what hormone does parathyroid produce?

parathyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone responds to what?

deceased blood calcium

parathyroid hormone targets what?

bones

kidneys

what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

what is the adrenal cortex?

outer layer

glandular tissue

what is the adrenal medulla?

inner layer

neural tissue

what is corticosteriods?

synthesized by adrenal cortex

what do mineralocorticoids control?

control mineral and water balance

what do glucocorticoids control?

metabolic activity

gonadocorticoids:

adrenal sex hormones

catecholamines:

synthesized by adrenal medulla

epinephrine does what?

regulates short-term stress

norepinephrine regulates what?

regulates short-term stress

what is aldosterone?

the main mineralocorticoid regulator of sodium and potassium ions

where is aldosterone produces and secreated?

adrenal cortex

what is the function of aldosterone?

regulate calcium and potassium levels

ANP is produced by what?

the heart

cortisol is what?

the most prominent glucocorticoid

what is gluconeogenesis?

acts to save glucose for the brain by using fatty acids and proteins for glucose production

what are androgens?

male sex hormones

what does the pineal gland secrete?

melatonin

what are the two types of tissue in the pancreas?

acinar

pancreatic islets

what is acinar tissue?

exocrine tissue

seceretes digestive juices into small intestines

what are pancreatic islets?

endo tissue

regulates blood sugar levels

glucagon is secreted by what cells?

a-cells (alpha)

insulin is secreted by what cells?

b-cells (beta)

what is the function of glucagon?

increase blood glucose

what is the function of insulin?

decrease blood glucose

what is the function of gonads?

produce gametes and sex hormones

female gonads, male gonads

ovaries, testies

hormones produced by ovaries

estrogen and progsteron

hormones produced by testes

testosterone

what is secreted by the placenta?

estrogens, progesterone, and hormone chorionic gonadotrophin

what are the functions of blood?

transport

regulates

protection

what are the percentages of blood composition?

plasma 55% (liquid component)

erythrocytes 45% (cellular component)

what is the buffy coat made up of?

leukocytes

platelets

what are leukocytes?

WBC

what are platelets?

fragments of thrombocytes

color is dependent on what in the blood?

Oxygen

bright red blood means there is _____ oxygen

high

dark red/ bluish-purple blood means there is _____ oxygen

low

what is a normal pH level?

7.35-7.45

plasma is mostly made up of what?

water

erythrocytes have what shape?

biconcave-shape

what do RBCs not have?

no nucleus or organelles

what are RBCs filled with?

hemoglobin (Hb)

what two parts make up hemoglobin?

globin

heme

what is globin made up of?

4 polypeptide chains

2 a- chains

2 b-chains

what is heme made up of?

hold Fe atom

holds O2 molecule

what are the 3 types of hemoglobin?

oxyhemoglobin

deoxyhemoglobin

carbaminohemoglobin

what is in oxyhemoglobin?

1 O2 per heme/ Fe complex

formed in the lungs

what is deoxyhemoglobin?

no O2 or CO2

formed in tissues

what is carbaminohemoglobin?

CO2 bound to globin

20% of CO2 in the blood

CO2 DOES NOT bind to Fe

what is hematopoiesis?

formation of blood cells

where does hematopoiesis occur?

in red bone marrow

what are blood cells formed from?

hemocytoblasts

what are the two main branches of hematopoiesis?

myeloid branch

lymphoid branch