Gynecologic Disorders, Pelvic Floor Conditions, and Violence Screening

Vocabulary flashcards covering benign breast conditions, gynecologic neoplasms, pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence types, and intimate partner violence screening principles.

Fibroadenoma

A benign solid breast tumor composed of glandular and fibrous tissue that is hormonally influenced by estrogen and most common in women younger than $30\,\text{years}$.

Fibrocystic Changes

Benign breast changes caused by hormonal fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone, commonly occurring in women aged $30\text{--}50\,\text{years}$ and rare in postmenopausal patients.

Fine-Needle Aspiration (Breast)

A diagnostic procedure used in fibrocystic breast disease to test cyst fluid and confirm if a lump is cystic rather than solid, providing symptom relief by draining fluid.

Mastitis

An infection of breast tissue occurring usually during lactation ($2\text{--}8\,\text{weeks}$ postpartum), most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus entering via a cracked nipple alongside milk stasis.

Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)

Benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus that show rapid growth during childbearing years due to estrogen and progesterone dependency and shrink during menopause.

Treatment Options for Uterine Fibroids

Summary of medical and surgical management for uterine leiomyomas including hormones, uterine artery embolization, myomectomy, hysterectomy, and magnetic resonance-focused ultrasound.

Follicular Cyst

An ovarian cyst that forms when a follicle fails to rupture during ovulation and continues to grow, often resolving spontaneously within $1\text{--}3$ cycles.

Corpus Luteum Cyst

An ovarian cyst that occurs when the corpus luteum fails to regress after ovulation and fills with blood and fluid, potentially causing delayed menstruation, dull pelvic pain, or acute pain if ruptured.

Theca-Lutein Cyst

A bilateral multicystic ovarian condition caused by prolonged or excessive hCG stimulation (e.g., molar pregnancy or fertility treatments), which regresses after the underlying hCG source is removed.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

An endocrine disorder characterized by multiple small ovarian cysts, elevated LH and androgens, and insulin resistance, leading to anovulation, irregular menses, hirsutism, acne, and obesity.

Vesicovaginal Fistula

An abnormal opening between the vagina and bladder that causes continuous leakage of urine into the vagina and constant wetness regardless of activity.

Rectovaginal Fistula

An abnormal connection between the rectum and vagina allowing feces and flatus to pass through the vagina, resulting in foul-smelling discharge, vaginal itching, and recurrent infections.

Urethrovaginal Fistula

An abnormal opening between the urethra and vagina causing urine to flow into the vagina with leakage specifically timed with voiding.

Bartholin Cysts

A condition caused by the blockage of the Bartholin gland duct, presenting as a swelling or lump at the vaginal opening that can become tender or form an abscess if infected.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse Stages

Stage 0 (no descent), Stage 1 ($1\,\text{cm}$ above hymenal ring), Stage 2 ($1\,\text{cm}$ below hymenal ring), Stage 3 ($2\text{--}3\,\text{cm}$ below hymenal ring), and Stage 4 (complete eversion or > $3\,\text{cm}$ below hymenal ring).

Colpexin Sphere

A small silicone sphere placed inside the vagina to provide mechanical support to the vaginal walls in managing pelvic organ prolapse.

Cystocele

The herniation of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall, causing urinary frequency, urgency, incomplete emptying, and stress incontinence.

Rectocele

The herniation of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall, presenting with constipation, stool trapping, rectal pressure, and incomplete evacuation.

Enterocele

The herniation of the small intestine and peritoneum into the upper posterior vaginal wall, causing pelvic pressure, backache, and a vaginal bulge.

Urge Incontinence Versus Stress Incontinence

Urge incontinence involves precipitous urine loss preceded by a strong voiding urge; stress incontinence is accidental leakage caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., coughing, sneezing).

Duloxetine

An SNRI medication used in stress incontinence that increases serotonin and norepinephrine in the spinal cord, enhancing Pudendal nerve activity to create stronger external urethral sphincter contractions.

Urodynamic Testing

A group of diagnostic tests evaluating how well the bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor muscles store and release urine to distinguish between stress and urge incontinence.

Metrorrhagia

Vaginal bleeding occurring at irregular intervals between menstrual periods, most frequently associated with endometrial polyps.

Endocervical Polyps

Cherry-red benign growths located inside the cervical canal that protrude into the vagina, occurring most commonly in multiparous females aged $40\text{--}60\,\text{years}$.

Intimate Partner Violence Screening

Routine screening performed privately without a partner using validated tools (e.g., HITS, Abuse Assessment Screen) recommended at the first prenatal visit, each trimester, and postpartum.