M2 Acids,Bonding & Structure, Electron Structure

Strong acids

Proton donors that Completely dissociates in aqueous solution

HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

Weak acids

Proton donors that Partially dissociates in aqueous solution

Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

Neutralisation reactions

Acid + base → salt + water

Acid + carbonate → salt + water + CO2

Jet space?

If the jet space is not filled properly prior to commencing the titration it will lead to errors if it then fills during the titration it will lead to errors if it the fills during the titration it leads to a larger than expected titre reading

Chromium (Cr)

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

Copper (Cu)

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

Electron configuration shorthand

[Ne] 10 e

[Ar] 18 e

[Kr] 36 e

2BP

Linear 180°

3BP

Trigonal Planar 120°

4BP

Tetrahedral 109.5°

6BP

Octahedral 90°

3BP 1LP

Pyramidal 107°

2BP 2LP

Non linear 104.5°

2BP 1LP

117.5°

Explaining bond angles

Electron pairs repel to get as far apart as possible

__ has X bonding pairs and Y lone pairs

Lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs

Hydrogen bonding (N/O/F)

Explain 2 anomalous properties of water

Water has a higher melting/boiling point than expected as the strong hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules together require a lot of energy to overcome

The solid is less dense than the liquid as hydrogen bonding holds the molecules apart in an open lattice structure

Polar / Non Polar

Polar = Difference in electronegativity (unsymmetrical)

Non polar = symmetrical molecules

Simple Covalent

Simple covalent molecule/lattice + Has IDDI between molecules

Requires littles energy to overcome/break

Has no mobile charge carriers so cannot conduct electricity

(Insoluble -cant interact with water cant form H-bond)

Giant covalent

Giant covalent lattice + Strong covalent bonds

Requires a large amount of energy to break

Does not contain mobile charged particles so does not conduct electricity

Eg. (Diamond/Silicon/Boron

(Graphite & Graphene contain mobile delocalised electrons so does conduct electricity)

(Insoluble-Doesn’t interact with water molecules)

Giant ionic

Giant ionic lattice - strong ionic bonds

Requires a large amount of energy to break

Solid - no mobile ions so doesn’t conduct

Molten - mobile ions conducts electricity

(Soluble - dissociates into ions which interact with polar water molecules

Metallics

Giant metallic lattice + strong electrostatic attraction between cations & delocalised electrons

Requires a large amount of energy to break

Has mobile delocalised electrons and so conducts electricity

(Insoluble- does not interact with water molecules)