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Which of the following best explains patterns of subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire? A While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa. B Most farmers are subsistence farmers that use the slash-and-burn method of farming to produce corn for export. C Agriculture is the leading employment sector, and the majority of people labor as subsistence farmers producing potatoes for export. D Most farmers are commercial farmers and produce only export products that include grains and dairy products. E Ranching of animals for export of meat products is the primary type of agriculture in this region due to the vast grassy plains that allow for easy grazing.
A While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.
Only about 20 percent of the people in West African countries are employed in commercial agriculture, and agriculturalists in these countries produce and export luxury crops such as coffee and cocoa.
In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain? A United States consumers prefer to purchase specialty products made from beef raised in Mexico. B Mexico depends on beef imports because domestic beef production is too low. C United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products. D The United States and Mexico have an agreement to evenly exchange beef products. E Mexico's beef industry produces a surplus and depends on beef exports.
C United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.
Both countries have robust cattle industries, but certain cuts of meat can be sold in one country versus the other, resulting in this commodity chain and interdependence between two regions.
Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges? A Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats. B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources. C Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production. D Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality. E Shifting cultivation increases available farmland but damages habitats.
B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.
Irrigated farmland in arid landscapes produces the vivid contrast seen in the image and allows farmland to exist in places it would not normally exist. This increases the ability to produce food in the area shown, but water supplies in both surface water and groundwater are often limited in such places and are at risk for overconsumption.
Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice? A Environmental damage from this practice is short-lived and only affects a small area of land with no impact on larger areas or regions. B There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass. C Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur. D Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage. E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.
E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.
Air pollution and long-term land-cover changes are environmental side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have been documented by environmental scientists.
Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions? A The high use of water for agriculture increases the price of water for people in urban areas. B The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health. C The increased production that results from irrigation of the crop will lead to decreases in crop prices as the total crop harvested will be higher. D The plants grown in this dry region will start to adapt to use less water, but the period to maturity will increase. E The decisions about how much water each landowner can use may become more difficult and a cause of conflict between urban and rural people.
B The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.
As the water evaporates in the arid climate, it leaves behind salts that build up over time and may lead to erosion and a decline in soil nutrients.
Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers? A The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes. B The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use. C The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity. D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain. E The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.
D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.
All geographic concepts and models offer a simplified representation of a much more nuanced and complicated real world.
More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources? A Government financing and improved technology lead to an increase in the number of small, family-owned farms. B Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduced risk of environmental pollution and fewer environmental regulations. C Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency. D Government financing and improved technology lead to higher consumer prices for government-subsidized agricultural products. E Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduction in the use of pesticide and fertilizer.
C Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.
Farm loans and agricultural subsidy programs available in more developed countries make large amounts of money available to farmers who can purchase or lease larger farm vehicles and high-technology equipment.
A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States? A) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons. B) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar growing seasons but different climates. C) Customers have seasonal demands for different varieties of oranges. D) Different varieties of oranges are grown for different markets. E) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different prices for oranges.
A) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.
Parts of California and South Africa share a Mediterranean climate ideal for growing oranges. However, these two regions have different growing seasons that allow the year-round demand for oranges in the United States to be met.
Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa? A Farmers in the United States and Europe double-crop wheat for two harvests each year but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa produce only one crop each year. B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds. C Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub-Saharan Africa. D Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets. E Developing r
B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.
Wheat production increased in developed regions of the world because farmers can afford high-yield seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation technology needed to produce higher yields. Farmers in sub-Saharan Africa have not seen as dramatic increases in their yields because they often lack the capital to acquire new agricultural technology.
Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures? A Feedlots have a lower carrying capacity than grass pastures because feedlots are contained in a smaller space. B Cattle raised in feedlots command a higher price at market because of the time required to fatten the cattle using this method of production. C Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer. D Raising cattle in feedlots requires more time to fatten cattle but results in lower-fat beef that is desirable to many consumers. E It costs less to remediate environmental pollution associated with feedlots because pollutants associated with feedlots are confined to small areas of land.
C Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer.
Technology has led to higher yields of grain used to fatten animals in feedlots, and the carrying capacity of the smaller feedlots can support larger numbers of animals that are fed and watered in place
Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture? A Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop. B Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because farms must be located near the market because of high transportation costs for perishable products. C Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because there is little arable land available in the climates where crops produced on plantations grow. D Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because the amount of land required makes it too expensive to locate near to markets. E Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of land, but the crop requires very little labor.
A Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.
Plantation crops require large inputs of labor and capital that are characteristics of intensive agriculture.
Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits? A Grain farming is an intensive farming practice on small plots of land cultivated primarily by family farmers who maximize profits in nearby domestic markets. B Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land. C Grain farming is an intensive farming practice that can yield profits by cultivating large areas of land close to an urban area for marketability of the product. D Grain farmers can diversify production by planting different cereal crops on small plots of land close to markets that enables rapid shipping of the product before the price drops. E Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower
E Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.
Grain farming is an extensive agricultural practice requiring large parcels of land for greater efficiency. Bid-rent theory suggests land further away from a market will be less expensive, allowing farmers to maximize profits. In this way, economic forces influence agricultural practices
Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries? A Farmers in more developed countries experienced a dramatic increase in agricultural exports because of the free grain seeds provided by governments of less developed countries. B Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries. C Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries. D Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed countries. E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from gr
E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.
The high-yield grain produced from the seeds developed during the Green Revolution provided farmers in less developed countries with dramatic surpluses that were sold at a profit, increasing farm revenue and raising standards of living.
Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries? A Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries. B The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries. C The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries. D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disp
D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.
There was an increase in wealth disparity in many less developed countries where Green Revolution crops were introduced. Those who could afford the new crop varieties continued to prosper while those who could not frequently languished.
The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries? A Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources B Excess production of grain products for which there is no market C Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages D Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures E Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility
A Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources
People in rural areas of less-developed countries are more likely to use groundwater directly for drinking, whereas in urban areas and more-developed countries, water is treated before drinking. Contamination of groundwater used for drinking is a negative consequence of the Green Revolution in less-developed countries.
Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America? A Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada. B Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world. C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. D Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. E Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.
C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.
Due to their popularity, bananas were brought to Central America in the 1800s to be grown closer to consumer markets in the United States and Canada, enabling sellers to avoid high transportation costs.
Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? A Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown by Europeans were rice and corn. B Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of the early colonial populations. C Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas. D Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas. Prior to European contact, these crops had only been grown in Europe: potatoes primarily in northern Europe and tomatoes primarily in southern Europe. E
E Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. Specific examples of these valuable plantation crops are tobacco, cacao, and pineapples.
While these plantation crops were valuable cash crops, they were initially domesticated in the Americas rather than in Europe.
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? A Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. B Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. C Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. D Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.
E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.
Wheat was domesticated in Mesopotamia because a large variety of wild grains grew in this region. The hilly terrain provided drainage and sun exposure, and the seasonal climate was conducive to growing wheat.
Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards? A Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa. B Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture. C Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops. D According to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land. E According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.
B Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.
Both are intensive agriculture practices requiring large inputs of labor to prune, maintain, harvest, and process fruit.
Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown? A Extensive agriculture is practiced in a humid continental climate. B Plantation agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet climate. C Intensive agriculture is practiced in a humid subtropical climate. D Extensive agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet and dry climate. E Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.
E Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.
These crops are typical of a Mediterranean climate, which is found in countries such as Italy and South Africa.
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