CHAPTER 13: PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Osmosis

________ plays an important role in living systems.

Concentration expressions

________ are often based on the number of moles of one or more components of the solution.

Hexane

________ is the top layer because it is less dense than water.

hypotonic relative

Placing the cell in a solution that is ________ to the intracellular fluid causes water to move into the cell, which may cause the cell to rupture.

molarity

The ________ (M) of a solute in a solution is defined as.

Molality

________ depends on the mass of solvent.

molecules mix

When the ________ and become more randomly distributed, there is an increase in a thermodynamic quantity.

Colloids

________ form the dividing line between solutions and heterogeneous mixtures.

symbol X

The ________ is commonly used for mole fraction, with a subscript to indicate the component of interest.

Hydrophobic colloids

________ can be dispersed in water only if they are stabilized in some way.

Mole fractions

________ are very useful when dealing with gases, but have limited use when dealing with liquid solutions.

Solution processes

________ are typically accompanied by changes in enthalpy.

ideal solution

Is a mixture in which the molecules of different species are distinguishable, however, unlike the ideal gas, the molecules in ________ exert forces on one another.

Colligative

(________ means "depending on the collection; "colligative properties depend on the collective effect of the number of solute particles .)

solvent

When the ________ is water, the interactions are referred to as hydration.

net movement of solvent

The ________ is always toward the solution with the lower solvent (higher solute) concentration, as if the solutions were driven to attain equal concentrations.

input of energy

It occurs of its own accord without any ________ from outside the system.

rate of vaporization

Is the pressure exerted by the vapor when it is at equilibrium with the liquid (that is, when the ________ equals the rate of condensation)

proportionality constant

The ________, Kf, is called the molal freezing- point depression constant.

colloidal particle

In 1905, Einstein developed an equation for the average square of the displacement of a(n) ________, a historically very important development.

solubility of gases

In contrast to solid solutes, the ________ in water decreases with increasing temperature.

Molarity

________ depends on the volume of solution.

colloids

Like solutions, ________ can be gases, liquids, or solids.