Nursing Fundamentals: Basic Human Needs, Health and Wellness

Flashcards covering Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, sleep disorders, nursing relationships to patient needs, and health and wellness concepts in nursing fundamentals.

Abraham H. Maslow

The psychologist who described the theory of basic human needs in $1943$.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A progression of basic needs for all people, moving from simple physical survival needs to more complex aesthetic needs.

Physiologic Needs

The most basic level of needs including air, nutrition, water, elimination, rest, sleep, and thermoregulation.

Safety Needs

The second level of Maslow's hierarchy focusing on shelter and freedom from harm and danger.

Love Needs

The third level of Maslow's hierarchy involving affection, feelings of belongingness, and meaningful relations with others.

Esteem Needs

The fourth level of Maslow's hierarchy involving the need to be well thought of by oneself and by others.

Self-Actualization Needs

The fifth level of Maslow's hierarchy where one seeks to be self-fulfilled, learn, create, and experience their full potential.

Regression

Focusing on a lower-level need that has already been fulfilled; common in individuals experiencing illness or injury.

Cognitive Needs

An expanded hierarchy step defined in $1970$ referring to understanding and exploring life.

Aesthetic Needs

An expanded hierarchy step defined in $1970$ referring to the appreciation of symmetry, order, and beauty.

Transcendence

An expanded hierarchy step defined in $1970$ referring to connecting with the ability to help others realize their potential.

Rest

A basic human need implying calmness, relaxation without emotional stress, and freedom from anxiety.

Sleep

An altered state of consciousness where an individual's perception of and reaction to the environment are decreased.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

A stage of sleep comprising $2015$ to $2515$ of nightly sleep where remembered dreams occur and the brain is highly active.

Paradoxical Sleep

Another name for REM sleep because the brain is highly active while skeletal muscle tone is depressed.

Sleep Deprivation

An acute or chronic stage of not having adequate sleep, which can cause emotional and behavioral problems in children.

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, potentially due to hyperkinesis or emotional problems.

Sleep Apnea

A disorder where a person stops breathing for short periods during regular sleeping hours, often caused by physical defects or obesity.

Night Terrors

Sudden partial awakenings in non-REM sleep accompanied by screaming and panic, common in children ages $4$-$8$.

Somniloquy

The act of talking during sleep; the individual may carry on a logical conversation but does not remember it upon waking.

Somnambulism

Sleepwalking, which occurs during later stages of non-REM sleep and is common in children ages $8$-$12$, specifically in boys.

Narcolepsy

A rare condition characterized by brief, irresistible attacks of sleep, often appearing first in adolescence.

Sleep Hygiene

Behavioral and environmental factors before sleep, including a recommended room temperature of $60$-$67^\circ \text{F}$ ($15.5$-$19.4^\circ \text{C}$).

World Health Organization (WHO)

An organization established in $1948$ by the United Nations to improve worldwide health and promote global social conscience.

Homeostasis

The balance of all physical, mental, and social components of the human organism.

Disease

A change in the structure or function of body tissues, biologic systems, or the human mind.

Illness

A response to disease that involves a change in function.

Morbidity

The number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population.

Mortality

The chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder.

Primary Healthcare Services

Prevention services that encourage healthier lifestyles through education, such as prenatal care or antismoking campaigns.

Secondary Healthcare Services

Services that provide specific medical or surgical therapies, typically in acute care settings.

Tertiary Services

Rehabilitation services focused on chronic illness or disability.

Healthy People 2030

A comprehensive set of $10$-year national goals and objectives for improving the health of all Americans.

Acute Illness

An illness that interferes with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time.

Chronic Illness

A long-term health disturbance that can limit a client’s functioning.

Organic Disease

A disorder involving a detectable structural change that alters function.

Functional Disease

A disorder where a structural cause for the functional change cannot be identified.

Binge Drinking

Alcohol consumption that results in a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of $0.08\%$ or above.